Distal humeral fracture

Distal humeral fracture refers to a break or crack in the lower end of the humerus (upper arm bone) near the elbow. This type of fracture can affect the elbow's range of motion and is considered a serious injury due to the complexity of the elbow joint and the area's involvement in arm movement. Distal humeral fractures are categorized based on their location in the bone, the pattern of the fracture, and whether or not the fracture involves the joint surface.

Causes

Distal humeral fractures are most commonly caused by direct trauma to the elbow area. This can occur through:

• Falls onto an outstretched arm
• Direct impact to the elbow, such as in a vehicle accident
• A sudden, forceful twist of the arm

Symptoms

Symptoms of a distal humeral fracture include:

• Severe pain in the elbow
• Swelling and bruising around the elbow
• Inability to move the elbow joint
• A visible deformity if the fracture is severe or the bone is displaced

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a distal humeral fracture involves a physical examination and imaging tests. During the physical exam, a healthcare provider will look for signs of injury, swelling, and deformity. Imaging tests may include:

• X-rays to determine the extent of the fracture and whether the bone is displaced
• Computed tomography (CT) scan for a more detailed view, especially if surgery is considered

Treatment

Treatment for distal humeral fractures depends on the severity and type of fracture. Options include:

• Non-surgical treatment: For less severe fractures, treatment may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, followed by physical therapy to restore movement and strength.
• Surgical treatment: Severe fractures or those involving the joint surface often require surgery to realign and stabilize the bones. Surgical options can include the use of pins, screws, plates, or even elbow replacement in older patients with poor bone quality.

Recovery

Recovery from a distal humeral fracture can vary depending on the severity of the fracture and the treatment method. Physical therapy is a crucial part of the recovery process to regain strength and flexibility in the elbow. Full recovery can take several months, and in some cases, complete restoration of elbow function may not be possible.

Prevention

Preventing distal humeral fractures involves minimizing the risk of falls and trauma to the elbow. This can include using protective gear during sports and activities, ensuring safe environments to reduce the risk of falls, and maintaining good bone health through diet and exercise.

See also

• Elbow
• Fracture
• Humerus
• Orthopedic surgery