Endocervical canal

Endocervical canal is the spindle-shaped, fibromuscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the vagina. It plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system, serving as a pathway through which sperm must travel to fertilize an egg during conception and as a channel through which menstrual blood flows from the uterus into the vagina. The endocervical canal is lined with a columnar epithelium that secretes mucus, which varies in consistency and quantity under the influence of hormones, notably estrogen and progesterone.

Anatomy

The endocervical canal extends from the internal os, the internal opening of the canal into the uterus, to the external os, the opening of the canal into the vagina. The length and width of the canal can vary among individuals and can change due to age, hormonal status, and whether the woman has given birth vaginally.

Function

The primary function of the endocervical canal is to serve as a conduit between the uterus and the vagina. It secretes cervical mucus, which changes in consistency throughout the menstrual cycle under hormonal control. This mucus plays a critical role in reproduction, as it can either facilitate or inhibit the passage of sperm into the uterus based on its viscosity, which is determined by the woman's hormonal status. Immediately before ovulation, the mucus becomes more fluid to allow sperm to pass through more easily, aiding in fertilization.

Clinical Significance

1. 1. 1. Cervical Screening

The endocervical canal is a significant site for cervical screening (Pap tests), where cells are collected from the canal to test for abnormalities that could indicate conditions such as cervical cancer or precancerous changes.

1. 1. 1. Infections

The canal can also be the site of infections, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, which can ascend into the reproductive tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if not treated.

1. 1. 1. Endocervical Polyps

Endocervical polyps are benign growths that can occur in the canal and may cause irregular bleeding or discharge. They are typically removed for histological examination to rule out malignancy.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of conditions affecting the endocervical canal typically involves a combination of history-taking, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as Pap tests, HPV testing, and possibly colposcopy for direct visualization. Treatment varies depending on the condition but may include antibiotics for infections, surgical removal of polyps, or more extensive treatments for precancerous changes or cancer.