Endothelial

Endothelial cells are the cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. They are a type of epithelium.

Structure

Endothelial cells are flat and aligned in the direction of fluid flow. They have a unique shape when viewed from above - like tiles on a floor or the scales of a fish. This unique shape allows them to respond to changes in the blood flow and adjust the diameter of the blood vessels.

Function

Endothelial cells play a crucial role in the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure. They produce a substance called nitric oxide which relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls, causing them to dilate and increase blood flow. They also control the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. Endothelial cells are also responsible for the release of anticoagulants to prevent blood clotting and growth factors that repair damaged tissues.

Clinical significance

Damage to the endothelial cells can lead to serious health problems such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Research

Research on endothelial cells includes studies on the genetic basis of endothelial cell function, the effects of aging on endothelial cells, and the role of endothelial cells in organ transplantation.

See also

• Vascular endothelial growth factor
• Endothelium-derived relaxing factor
• Endothelial progenitor cell
• Endothelial microparticles

References

Endothelial Resources
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