Bovine ephemeral fever

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), also known as three-day sickness, is a viral disease that affects cattle and buffalo. It is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, followed by a rapid recovery, hence the term "ephemeral". The disease is caused by the Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), a member of the family Rhabdoviridae.

Epidemiology

BEF is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. The disease is transmitted by biting insects, such as mosquitoes and sandflies, which serve as vectors for the virus. Outbreaks often occur during the warm, wet season when vector populations are high.

Clinical Signs

Affected animals typically exhibit a sudden onset of high fever, which may be accompanied by shivering, stiffness, and lameness. Other signs may include nasal and ocular discharge, reduced milk production, and in severe cases, paralysis. Most animals recover within three days, hence the alternative name "three-day sickness".

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BEF is based on clinical signs and can be confirmed by laboratory tests, such as serology and virus isolation. The presence of antibodies to BEFV in the blood can indicate recent infection.

Treatment and Control

There is no specific treatment for BEF. Management is supportive and includes rest, hydration, and anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce fever and discomfort. Vaccination is the primary method of control. Vaccines are available in regions where the disease is endemic.

Economic Impact

BEF can have a significant economic impact on the cattle industry, particularly in endemic regions. Losses can result from reduced milk production, weight loss, and in severe cases, death. The disease can also cause disruption to trade due to restrictions on the movement of infected animals.

See Also

• Rhabdoviridae
• Viral diseases of cattle