Erysipelothrix

Erysipelothrix is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that includes several species, most notably Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. These bacteria are known for causing erysipeloid in humans and swine erysipelas in pigs.

Characteristics

Erysipelothrix species are non-motile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. They are rod-shaped and can form long filaments. These bacteria are catalase-negative and produce hydrogen sulfide on triple sugar iron agar. They are also known for their ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions, including high salt concentrations and a wide range of temperatures.

Pathogenicity

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the primary pathogenic species within this genus. It is responsible for causing erysipeloid, a localized skin infection in humans, typically acquired through occupational exposure to infected animals or animal products. In pigs, it causes swine erysipelas, which can lead to acute septicemia, chronic arthritis, and endocarditis.

Erysipeloid

Erysipeloid is characterized by a painful, raised, and well-demarcated skin lesion, often on the hands or fingers. It is commonly seen in individuals who handle fish, meat, or poultry. The infection can occasionally spread to cause a more severe systemic illness, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Swine Erysipelas

Swine erysipelas presents in pigs in various forms, including acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form can cause sudden death, high fever, and characteristic diamond-shaped skin lesions. The chronic form may result in arthritis and endocarditis, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Erysipelothrix infections can be made through bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Serological tests can also be used to detect antibodies against Erysipelothrix species.

Treatment

Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics such as penicillin, which is effective against Erysipelothrix species. In cases of penicillin allergy, alternative antibiotics like erythromycin or clindamycin may be used.

Prevention

Preventive measures include proper handling and processing of animal products, use of protective gloves, and vaccination of pigs against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Vaccination has been shown to be effective in controlling outbreaks of swine erysipelas.

See also

• Gram-positive bacteria
• Erysipeloid
• Swine erysipelas
• Bacterial culture
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Antibiotics