Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel/ferrous fumarate

Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel/ferrous fumarate is a combination oral contraceptive used to prevent pregnancy. It contains ethinylestradiol, a synthetic version of the estrogen hormone, and levonorgestrel, a synthetic form of the progestogen hormone. Ferrous fumarate is included as an iron supplement. This combination is designed to inhibit ovulation, alter the uterine lining to prevent fertilization, and change the cervical mucus to make it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus. The inclusion of ferrous fumarate helps in replenishing iron stores that may be depleted during menstruation.

Composition

The medication typically comes in a pack containing 28 pills, with 21 active pills containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, and 7 inactive pills containing ferrous fumarate. The active pills are taken for three weeks, followed by a week of inactive pills, during which the user experiences a withdrawal bleed.

Mechanism of Action

Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel works primarily by preventing the release of an egg during the menstrual cycle (ovulation). It also thickens the cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus, and changes the lining of the uterus to prevent attachment of a fertilized egg. Ferrous fumarate serves as an iron supplement, providing the body with iron to make up for the loss during menstruation, though it does not contribute to the contraceptive effect of the medication.

Uses

This combination is used for the prevention of pregnancy and may also be prescribed for the treatment of certain menstrual disorders, such as heavy or irregular bleeding, or for the management of acne in women seeking an oral contraceptive.

Side Effects

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, bloating, breast tenderness, and mood changes. Serious side effects may include increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack, especially in smokers and women over 35.

Contraindications

Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel/ferrous fumarate is contraindicated in individuals with a history of thrombosis (blood clots), stroke, heart attack, certain types of cancer (such as breast cancer), uncontrolled hypertension, and liver disease. It should not be used by smokers over the age of 35 due to an increased risk of cardiovascular events.

Interactions

This medication may interact with other drugs, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased risk of side effects. These include certain antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and herbal supplements like St. John's Wort.

Conclusion

Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel/ferrous fumarate is a widely used oral contraceptive that offers the added benefit of an iron supplement. While effective in preventing pregnancy, it is important for users to be aware of the potential side effects and contraindications associated with its use.