Exogenous dna

Exogenous DNA is DNA that originates from outside an organism and is introduced into the organism, typically through a process known as transformation, transduction, or conjugation. This DNA can be from a different species or from the same species, and it can be artificially synthesized.

Overview

Exogenous DNA can be introduced into an organism in a variety of ways. In bacteria, this can occur naturally through the processes of transformation, transduction, or conjugation. In eukaryotes, exogenous DNA can be introduced through techniques such as microinjection, gene gun, or viral vectors.

Transformation

Transformation is a process where bacteria take up exogenous DNA from their environment. This can occur naturally in some species of bacteria, or it can be artificially induced in a laboratory setting. The DNA can then be incorporated into the bacterium's own genome, allowing it to express new traits.

Transduction

Transduction is a process where a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) carries exogenous DNA from one bacterium to another. The DNA is incorporated into the bacterium's own genome, allowing it to express new traits.

Conjugation

Conjugation is a process where one bacterium transfers exogenous DNA to another bacterium through a structure called a pilus. The DNA can then be incorporated into the recipient bacterium's own genome, allowing it to express new traits.

Applications

Exogenous DNA is used in a variety of applications, including genetic engineering, gene therapy, and vaccine development. In genetic engineering, exogenous DNA is used to introduce new traits into organisms. In gene therapy, it is used to replace or supplement defective genes in an individual's cells. In vaccine development, it is used to stimulate an immune response.

See also

• Endogenous retrovirus
• Horizontal gene transfer
• Plasmid
• Recombinant DNA