Extravasation (intravenous)

Extravasation (intravenous)
Synonyms
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	Oncology, Emergency medicine
Symptoms	Pain, swelling, redness at the site of IV
Complications	Tissue necrosis, infection, ulceration
Onset	During or shortly after intravenous therapy
Duration	Varies depending on severity and treatment
Types	N/A
Causes	Leakage of IV fluids into surrounding tissue
Risks	Use of vesicant drugs, improper IV placement
Diagnosis	Clinical evaluation, imaging if necessary
Differential diagnosis	Infiltration (medical), phlebitis, cellulitis
Prevention	Proper IV technique, monitoring of IV site
Treatment	Cold compress, elevation, hyaluronidase injection, surgical intervention in severe cases
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good with prompt treatment, but can lead to complications if untreated
Frequency	Varies, more common with certain chemotherapy agents
Deaths	N/A

Extravasation is the process where a fluid, such as a drug or contrast agent, leaks into the surrounding tissue from a blood vessel. This can occur during intravenous therapy when the vein wall is punctured and the fluid is inadvertently administered into the perivascular space. Extravasation can cause various complications, ranging from mild irritation to severe tissue damage.

Causes

Extravasation can occur due to several reasons. It can happen if the cannula or needle moves out of the vein, or if the vein becomes damaged. Certain medications, especially chemotherapy drugs, are more likely to cause extravasation.

Symptoms

Symptoms of extravasation can include pain, swelling, redness, and a burning sensation at the injection site. In severe cases, blistering, tissue necrosis, and even limb loss can occur.

Prevention

Prevention of extravasation involves careful placement and maintenance of the intravenous line. Regular monitoring of the IV site and immediate cessation of the infusion if any signs of extravasation are noted can help prevent severe complications.

Treatment

Treatment of extravasation depends on the type of fluid that has leaked and the severity of the symptoms. It may involve stopping the infusion, removing the IV line, applying a cold or warm compress, elevating the affected limb, and administering antidotes if necessary. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be required.

See also

• Infiltration (medical)
• Phlebitis
• Intravenous therapy