Feline calicivirus

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Katzenschnupfen Calici

Feline Calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious virus that is one of the major causes of upper respiratory infections (URIs) in cats. FCV, along with Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), accounts for the majority of cases of infectious respiratory disease in cats. The virus affects cats worldwide and can occur in cats of any age, breed, or sex. FCV is particularly significant in multi-cat environments such as shelters, catteries, and feral cat colonies.

Transmission

FCV is primarily spread through direct contact with infected cats, their saliva, or nasal secretions. The virus can also be transmitted via fomites, as the virus can survive in the environment for up to a month under suitable conditions. Humans can inadvertently spread the virus between cats through contaminated hands, clothing, or other objects.

Clinical Signs

The clinical signs of FCV infection can vary widely, from mild to severe. Common symptoms include:

• Oral ulcers
• Sneezing
• Nasal discharge
• Conjunctivitis
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite

In some cases, a more virulent strain of FCV, known as Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus (VS-FCV), can cause more severe symptoms, including:

• High fever
• Edema (swelling) of the limbs
• Jaundice
• Multiple organ failure

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of FCV is typically based on clinical signs, history of exposure, and specific diagnostic tests. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are commonly used to detect the presence of FCV RNA in swabs taken from the oropharynx, conjunctiva, or nasal passages.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for FCV. Management of FCV infections focuses on supportive care, including:

• Maintaining hydration
• Nutritional support
• Antibiotics to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections
• Pain management, especially for cats with oral ulcers

Prevention

Vaccination is a key component in the prevention of FCV. While vaccination may not prevent infection entirely, it can significantly reduce the severity of the disease. Good hygiene practices and isolation of infected cats are also important to prevent the spread of the virus.

Complications

Chronic carriers of FCV can occur, where cats shed the virus for months or years after recovery, potentially infecting other cats. Additionally, some strains of FCV have been associated with the development of feline chronic gingivostomatitis, a painful and difficult-to-treat condition.

Conclusion

Feline Calicivirus is a significant infectious disease affecting cats globally. Through understanding its transmission, clinical signs, and management, cat owners and veterinary professionals can work together to reduce the impact of this virus on the feline population.

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