Fetal protein

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The Fatty acid transport system of human placenta

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Structure of Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF).png

Fetal protein refers to a group of proteins that are produced by the fetus during development. These proteins play crucial roles in the growth and development of the fetus and can be used as biomarkers for various conditions during pregnancy.

Types of Fetal Proteins

There are several types of fetal proteins, each with specific functions and clinical significance:

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. It is the fetal form of serum albumin. Elevated levels of AFP in maternal blood can indicate certain fetal abnormalities such as neural tube defects and Down syndrome.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation. It supports the corpus luteum, which in turn maintains the production of progesterone. hCG levels are commonly measured in pregnancy tests.

Inhibin

Inhibin is a protein complex involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It is part of the quad screen test used to assess the risk of fetal abnormalities.

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A)

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) is a protein produced by the placenta. Low levels of PAPP-A in maternal blood during the first trimester can be associated with an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities.

Clinical Significance

Fetal proteins are important in prenatal screening and diagnosis. They can provide valuable information about the health and development of the fetus. For example, abnormal levels of certain fetal proteins can indicate the presence of congenital anomalies or other conditions that may require further investigation or intervention.

Prenatal Screening

Prenatal screening tests often measure levels of fetal proteins in maternal blood to assess the risk of certain conditions. These tests include:

• Quad screen
• Triple screen
• First trimester screening

Research and Future Directions

Ongoing research is focused on identifying new fetal proteins and understanding their roles in fetal development and maternal health. Advances in this field may lead to improved diagnostic techniques and better outcomes for both mothers and their babies.

See Also

• Prenatal diagnosis
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling
• Maternal-fetal medicine