Neural tube defects

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spinal cord or brain remains from early in human development. In the 3rd week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the fetus begin to change shape and form the neural tube. When the neural tube does not close completely, an NTD develops.

Types

There are three types of NTDs: spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele.

• Spina bifida is when the spinal cord, meninges and skin protrude from a defect in the vertebral column. It is further divided into spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele.
• Anencephaly is a severe condition in which the brain is underdeveloped and the part of the skull is missing.
• Encephalocele is a rare type of neural tube defect that causes sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull.

Causes

The exact causes of NTDs are not known. They are believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, nutritional, and environmental risk factors. Some of these factors include maternal diabetes, maternal use of certain drugs (prescription and illicit), obesity, and certain genetic mutations.

Prevention

The risk of neural tube defects can be significantly reduced if women of childbearing age consume 0.4 mg of folic acid daily.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of neural tube defect. There is no cure for neural tube defects. The aim of treatment is to prevent or minimize disabilities and to help the individual to live as independently as possible.

See also

• Birth defect
• Congenital disorder
• Genetic disorder

Neural tube defects Resources
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