Focal choroidal excavation

Focal Choroidal Excavation (FCE) is a condition characterized by the presence of one or more localized depressions in the choroid that are not associated with any other type of choroidal or retinal pathology. The condition was first described in the medical literature in 2006, and since then, it has been the subject of ongoing research to better understand its implications, causes, and potential treatments. FCE is identified through imaging techniques, most notably Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), which provides detailed images of the layers of the eye.

Etiology

The exact cause of Focal Choroidal Excavation remains unknown. Several theories have been proposed, including congenital defects, inflammatory processes, and mechanical stress on the choroid. However, none of these theories have been definitively proven. It is also unclear whether FCE is a primary condition or a secondary manifestation of another underlying issue.

Classification

Focal Choroidal Excavation is classified into two main types based on the OCT appearance:

• Conforming FCE: The overlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the outer retinal layers conform to the shape of the choroidal excavation.
• Non-conforming FCE: There is a separation between the RPE and the outer retinal layers, not conforming to the choroidal excavation below.

Symptoms

Many individuals with Focal Choroidal Excavation are asymptomatic and the condition is often discovered incidentally during routine eye examinations. When symptoms do occur, they may include slight visual disturbances or a reduction in visual acuity. The severity and type of symptoms can vary depending on whether the FCE is conforming or non-conforming.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of FCE is primarily made through the use of OCT, which allows for detailed visualization of the choroidal excavation. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography may also be used to assess the vascular characteristics of the lesion and its impact on the overlying retinal structures.

Treatment

Currently, there is no specific treatment for Focal Choroidal Excavation. Management of the condition is generally focused on monitoring for any changes or complications, such as the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which can occur in some cases. If CNV develops, treatment options such as anti-VEGF therapy may be considered.

Prognosis

The long-term prognosis for individuals with Focal Choroidal Excavation is generally good, especially for those who are asymptomatic. However, the potential for complications like CNV means that regular monitoring is important.

Research Directions

Research into Focal Choroidal Excavation is ongoing, with studies focusing on understanding its etiology, natural history, and potential therapeutic interventions. Advances in imaging technology, such as OCT, continue to provide valuable insights into this condition.