Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride

A medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride

Drug Information
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Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride is a medication primarily used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. It is the d-threo-enantiomer of methylphenidate, which is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. Dexmethylphenidate is marketed under the brand name Focalin, among others.

Pharmacology

Dexmethylphenidate works by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which increases the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. This action enhances neurotransmission and is thought to contribute to its therapeutic effects in ADHD.

The drug is available in both immediate-release and extended-release formulations. The extended-release form allows for once-daily dosing, which can improve compliance in patients who have difficulty adhering to multiple daily doses.

Clinical Use

Dexmethylphenidate is indicated for the treatment of ADHD in patients aged 6 years and older. It is often used as part of a comprehensive treatment program that includes psychological, educational, and social measures.

Dosage

The dosage of dexmethylphenidate is individualized based on the patient's needs and response to the medication. It is typically started at a low dose and gradually increased. The immediate-release form is usually taken twice daily, while the extended-release form is taken once daily.

Side Effects

Common side effects of dexmethylphenidate include:

• Insomnia
• Decreased appetite
• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Dry mouth

Serious side effects can include:

• Cardiovascular events (e.g., increased heart rate, hypertension)
• Psychiatric effects (e.g., anxiety, agitation)
• Growth suppression in children

Contraindications

Dexmethylphenidate is contraindicated in patients with:

• Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate or any of its components
• Glaucoma
• Severe anxiety, tension, or agitation
• Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Mechanism of Action

Dexmethylphenidate acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). By blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, it increases their availability in the brain, which helps improve attention and focus in individuals with ADHD.

History

Dexmethylphenidate was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001. It was developed as a more targeted form of methylphenidate, with the aim of reducing side effects and improving efficacy by using only the active d-enantiomer.

See Also

• Methylphenidate
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Central nervous system stimulants