Foeniculum

Foeniculum July 2011-1a

Foeniculum is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot family known as fennel. It is native to the shores of the Mediterranean but has become widely naturalized in many parts of the world, especially on dry soils near the sea-coast and on riverbanks. It is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb with culinary and medicinal uses and, along with the similar-tasting anise, is one of the primary ingredients of absinthe. The genus Foeniculum is characterized by yellow flowers and feathery leaves.

Description

Foeniculum is a perennial, pleasant-smelling herb with yellow flowers. It is erect, glaucous green, and grows to heights of up to 2.5 meters, with hollow stems. The leaves grow up to 40 cm long; they are finely dissected, with the ultimate segments filiform (threadlike), about 0.5 mm wide. The flowers are produced in terminal compound umbels 5–15 cm wide, each umbel section having 20–50 tiny yellow flowers on short pedicels. The fruit is a dry seed from which the fennel spice is obtained.

Uses

Culinary

In culinary applications, fennel is used for its seeds, leaves, and bulbs. The seeds are flavorful, with a similar taste to anise, and are used in a variety of dishes, including breads, cakes, and fish dishes. The bulb is a crisp, hardy root vegetable that can be sautéed, stewed, braised, grilled, or eaten raw. Fennel leaves are used as an herb to flavor soups, salads, and other dishes.

Medicinal

Fennel has a variety of medicinal uses and has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antispasmodic properties. Fennel seeds are often used in remedies to treat bloating, gas, and other digestive issues. They also have been used to treat hypertension, glaucoma, and for their diuretic properties.

Cultivation

Foeniculum is hardy and can grow in most climates but prefers well-drained, acidic soil and full sun. It is a robust plant that can reach up to 2.5 meters in height and spread widely. The plant is also known for its ability to attract beneficial insects, including pollinators like bees.

Species

The most commonly known species of Foeniculum is Foeniculum vulgare, which is divided into two main varieties: the bulbous vegetable type, known as Florence fennel or finocchio, and the herb type, used for its leaves and seeds.

In Culture

Fennel has a rich history and has been associated with various cultural and historical practices. In ancient times, it was revered by the Greeks and Romans for its medicinal and culinary properties. It has also been associated with folklore and was thought to ward off evil spirits.