Fructose intolerance

Fructose Intolerance is a digestive disorder that affects the body's ability to process fructose, a type of sugar found in fruits, some vegetables, and honey. This condition can lead to various symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and gas when foods containing fructose are consumed. Fructose intolerance is often confused with Fructose Malabsorption, although the two conditions are distinct in their causes and management.

Types of Fructose Intolerance

There are two main types of fructose intolerance: Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) and Fructose Malabsorption.

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) is a rare genetic condition caused by a deficiency of the enzyme aldolase B, which is necessary for the metabolism of fructose. This condition can lead to serious health issues, including liver and kidney damage, if not managed properly. Individuals with HFI must follow a strict diet that avoids fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol.

Fructose Malabsorption

Fructose Malabsorption, on the other hand, is more common and occurs when the small intestine is unable to absorb fructose efficiently. This can lead to an overgrowth of bacteria in the bowel, which produces gases and other substances that cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Management typically involves a diet low in fructose, although the level of restriction needed can vary from person to person.

Symptoms

Symptoms of fructose intolerance can vary widely among individuals but commonly include:

• Abdominal pain
• Bloating
• Diarrhea
• Gas
• Nausea

In cases of HFI, more severe symptoms such as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), jaundice, and even liver failure can occur if the condition is not properly managed.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of fructose intolerance typically involves a combination of medical history, dietary review, and specific tests. For HFI, a genetic test can confirm the diagnosis. Fructose malabsorption is often diagnosed using a Hydrogen Breath Test, which measures the amount of hydrogen in the breath after consuming a fructose solution. Elevated levels of hydrogen indicate poor absorption of fructose.

Treatment

The primary treatment for fructose intolerance is dietary modification. For those with HFI, it is crucial to avoid foods containing fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol. Individuals with fructose malabsorption may need to limit their intake of fructose but often do not need to eliminate it entirely. A dietitian can provide guidance on which foods to avoid and how to maintain a balanced diet.

Living with Fructose Intolerance

Living with fructose intolerance requires careful management of diet to avoid symptoms. Reading food labels, being mindful of the fructose content in fruits and vegetables, and planning meals can help manage the condition. Support from healthcare providers, including dietitians, is essential for managing symptoms and ensuring nutritional needs are met.