Fumaric acid

Fumaric acid is a compound that is found in nature and is also produced synthetically. It is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals. Fumaric acid is also used in food and beverage products as a food acidulant.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Fumaric acid is a white crystalline compound and is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. The chemical formula of fumaric acid is C4H4O4.

Natural Occurrence

Fumaric acid occurs naturally in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss. Fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, produce fumaric acid naturally as well.

Industrial Production

Fumaric acid is produced industrially from maleic acid, which in turn is produced from maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of benzene or butane.

Uses

Fumaric acid has several uses in various industries. In the food and beverage industry, it is used as a food acidulant. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to produce antibiotics and other drugs. In the chemical industry, it is used to manufacture polyester resins, alkyd resins, and as a starting material for the production of plasticizers.

Health Effects

Fumaric acid is generally considered safe for consumption. However, high levels of consumption can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps.

See Also

• Maleic acid
• Tricarboxylic acid cycle
• Aspergillus niger