Fumonisin
Fumonisin[edit | edit source]
Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins produced by several species of Fusarium, a type of filamentous fungi. These toxins are primarily found in maize (corn) and maize-based products. Fumonisins are known to cause a variety of health issues in both humans and animals, and they are a significant concern in food safety.
Chemical Structure[edit | edit source]
Fumonisins are characterized by their long-chain hydrocarbon structure. The most studied and prevalent fumonisin is Fumonisin B1, which is depicted in the image to the right. Fumonisin B1 consists of a 20-carbon backbone with two tricarballylic acid groups and an amine group, which contribute to its biological activity.
Biological Effects[edit | edit source]
Fumonisins interfere with the metabolism of sphingolipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. This interference can lead to a disruption in cell signaling and cell growth. In animals, fumonisins have been linked to diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses and porcine pulmonary edema in pigs.
In humans, there is evidence suggesting that fumonisins may be associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer and neural tube defects in populations consuming large amounts of contaminated maize.
Sources and Occurrence[edit | edit source]
Fumonisins are primarily produced by the Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum species. These fungi thrive in warm and humid conditions, which are conducive to the growth of maize. As a result, fumonisin contamination is more prevalent in regions with such climates.
Prevention and Control[edit | edit source]
To reduce the risk of fumonisin contamination, several strategies can be employed:
- Agricultural Practices: Implementing crop rotation and using resistant maize varieties can help reduce fungal growth.
- Storage Conditions: Proper drying and storage of maize can prevent fungal proliferation.
- Regulatory Measures: Many countries have established maximum allowable levels of fumonisins in food and feed to protect public health.
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