GC-content

AT-GC

Human karyotype with bands and sub-bands

GC-content refers to the percentage of nitrogenous bases on a DNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). It is a crucial parameter in genetics and molecular biology because it influences the stability of the DNA molecule and its melting temperature.

Importance in Genetics

GC-content is significant in various genetic studies and applications. High GC-content regions are typically more stable and have higher melting temperatures compared to AT-rich regions. This stability is due to the three hydrogen bonds that form between guanine and cytosine, compared to the two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine.

Applications

GC-content is used in several applications, including:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): The design of primers for PCR often takes GC-content into account to ensure proper binding and amplification.
• Genome sequencing: GC-content can affect the sequencing process and the interpretation of sequencing data.
• Comparative genomics: Differences in GC-content can be used to compare genomes of different species or to identify regions of interest within a genome.

Measurement

GC-content can be measured using various techniques, including:

• Spectrophotometry: Measuring the absorbance of DNA at different temperatures to determine the melting temperature.
• High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): Separating and quantifying the nucleotides in a DNA sample.
• Next-generation sequencing: Analyzing sequencing data to calculate the proportion of G and C bases.

Biological Implications

Regions of the genome with high GC-content are often associated with important biological functions. For example, CpG islands, which are regions with a high frequency of CG dinucleotides, are often found near promoter regions of genes and are involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Related Pages

• DNA
• Base pair
• Genome
• Gene expression
• CpG island
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Next-generation sequencing

See Also

• Melting temperature
• Spectrophotometry
• High-performance liquid chromatography
• Comparative genomics