GPR31

GPR31 or G Protein-Coupled Receptor 31 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR31 gene. This receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, which is a large group of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals and initiate a cellular response. GPCRs are involved in many physiological processes and are a common target for pharmaceuticals.

Function

GPR31 has been identified as a high-affinity receptor for 12-(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-(S)-HETE), a hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) product of arachidonic acid metabolism through the 12-lipoxygenase pathway. 12-(S)-HETE is involved in various physiological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis, which are critical in inflammation and cancer progression. The binding of 12-(S)-HETE to GPR31 on the cell surface triggers a series of intracellular signaling pathways that can influence cell behavior.

Clinical Significance

The role of GPR31 in cancer has garnered interest due to its involvement in the signaling pathways of 12-(S)-HETE, a molecule implicated in the progression of several types of cancer, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma. Research suggests that GPR31 may facilitate cancer cell migration and metastasis, making it a potential target for cancer therapy.

Expression

GPR31 is expressed in various tissues, with significant levels found in the liver, kidney, and heart. The expression pattern suggests that GPR31 may have diverse roles in different physiological contexts, beyond its established functions in inflammation and cancer.

Research Directions

Ongoing research aims to further elucidate the signaling mechanisms of GPR31 and its ligands, as well as to explore the receptor's potential as a therapeutic target in cancer and other diseases associated with aberrant 12-(S)-HETE signaling. Additionally, studies are investigating the role of GPR31 in other physiological and pathological processes, expanding our understanding of this receptor's function in human health and disease.