GPR35

G Protein-Coupled Receptor 35 (GPR35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR35 gene. This receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, which is a large group of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals and initiate intracellular signaling pathways. GPR35 is expressed in various tissues, with higher expression levels found in the gastrointestinal tract, immune system cells, and the central nervous system, indicating its potential role in a range of physiological processes.

Function

GPR35 is involved in several physiological and pathological processes. It acts as a receptor for various ligands, including kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the tryptophan metabolism pathway, suggesting a role in regulating immune responses and neurological functions. Activation of GPR35 has been linked to inflammation modulation, pain perception, and the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for various conditions, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Clinical Significance

Research into GPR35 has suggested its involvement in a range of diseases. Its expression in the gastrointestinal tract and its role in immune response modulation have implicated it in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, due to its expression in the central nervous system and its potential role in neurotransmission, GPR35 may be involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. The receptor's involvement in cardiovascular regulation also suggests a potential role in hypertension and related cardiovascular conditions.

Pharmacology

GPR35 is a target of interest in drug discovery due to its involvement in various diseases. Agonists and antagonists of GPR35 could potentially be used to modulate its activity in disease states. For example, targeting GPR35 with agonists might be beneficial in treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain, whereas antagonists could be useful in conditions where GPR35 activation is detrimental, such as certain inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases.

Research Directions

Ongoing research is focused on further elucidating the physiological and pathological roles of GPR35, identifying its endogenous ligands, and understanding its signaling mechanisms. The development of specific agonists and antagonists for GPR35 is an active area of research, with the potential to lead to new therapeutic options for a variety of conditions.