Gemology

Gemmological microscopic examination

Peridot (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 in the rough form and a cut and polished gem - Sara Abey

KA52KRS 1 m

Gem.pebbles.800pix

Portable refractometer

Three Phase in Rock Crystal Quartz, Pakistan

Gemology is the science and study of gemstones. It encompasses the processes of identifying and evaluating gem materials, both natural and synthetic. Gemologists are experts who are trained to describe and distinguish one gem from another, assess their quality, and understand their origins and structure. This field combines aspects of mineralogy, geology, and chemistry to analyze the properties and characteristics of gem materials.

History of Gemology

The fascination with gemstones dates back to ancient civilizations, where gems were valued not only for their beauty but also for their supposed magical and healing properties. However, the scientific study of gems, or gemology, began to emerge as a distinct discipline in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Advances in microscopy and the development of specialized instruments allowed for more precise examination and identification of gem materials.

Gemstone Formation and Sources

Gemstones form under various conditions in the Earth's crust and mantle, with processes including crystallization from molten rock, precipitation from water, and high-pressure and temperature conditions deep within the Earth. Key sources of gemstones include Brazil, Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Australia, and parts of Africa. Each region is known for specific types of gems, such as diamonds from Africa, rubies from Myanmar, and opals from Australia.

Properties of Gemstones

Gemologists study several physical and optical properties to identify and evaluate gemstones. These include:

- Hardness: Measured on the Mohs scale, hardness indicates a gem's resistance to scratching. - Color: The most visible and often most valued property of gemstones. Color can be influenced by chemical impurities or structural anomalies. - Clarity: Refers to the presence or absence of inclusions within a gemstone, which can affect its value. - Cut: The shape and faceting of a gemstone, which influences its overall appearance and brilliance. - Carat Weight: A measure of a gemstone's weight, with one carat equaling 200 milligrams.

Gemstone Treatments

Many gemstones undergo treatments to enhance their appearance. Common treatments include heating, to improve color; irradiation, to alter color; and filling, to improve clarity. Gemologists must be able to detect these treatments, as they can significantly affect a gemstone's value.

Synthetic and Imitation Gems

Synthetic gemstones are created in laboratories and have the same chemical composition as natural gems but are often more flawless and less expensive. Imitation gems, on the other hand, merely mimic the appearance of natural stones without sharing their chemical or physical properties. Distinguishing between natural, synthetic, and imitation gems is a key skill in gemology.

Gemological Instruments

Gemologists use a variety of instruments to study gemstones, including:

- Loupe: A small magnifying glass used to inspect gemstones. - Microscope: Provides a more detailed view of a gemstone's internal structure. - Refractometer: Measures the refractive index of gem materials, aiding in identification. - Spectroscope: Analyzes the light spectrum to identify the chemical composition of gems.

Professional Organizations

Several professional organizations support the field of gemology, including the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) and the International Gem Society (IGS). These organizations offer education, certification, and resources for gemologists.