Genetically modified organism

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques generally involve the manipulation of an organism's DNA to achieve desired traits such as resistance to disease or tolerance of pesticides.

History

The development of GMOs has its roots in the discovery of DNA and the understanding of its role in the transmission of hereditary information. The first genetically modified organism was created in 1973 by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen, who successfully transferred antibiotic resistance genes into Escherichia coli, a species of bacteria.

Techniques

There are several techniques used in the creation of GMOs. These include Recombinant DNA technology, where DNA molecules from different sources are combined in vitro into one molecule to create a new gene. Another technique is Gene splicing, where a gene from one organism is inserted into another organism.

Applications

GMOs have a wide range of applications. In agriculture, they are used to create crops that are resistant to pests, diseases, and harsh environmental conditions. In medicine, they are used to produce insulin, growth hormones, and vaccines.

Controversies

Despite their potential benefits, GMOs have been the subject of numerous controversies. These revolve around issues such as food safety, environmental impact, and ethical considerations.

See also

• Genetic engineering
• Recombinant DNA
• Gene splicing
• Transgenic plants
• Transgenic animals