George Santayana

George Santayana.jpg George Santayana

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George Santayana (born Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás; December 16, 1863 – September 26, 1952) was a Spanish-American philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. He is known for his contributions to pragmatism and realism, as well as for his aphorism, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."

Early Life and Education

Santayana was born in Madrid, Spain, and moved to the United States at the age of eight. He attended the Boston Latin School and later Harvard University, where he studied under William James and Josiah Royce. Santayana earned his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1889.

Academic Career

Santayana began teaching at Harvard in 1889 and became a prominent figure in American philosophy. His works during this period include The Sense of Beauty (1896) and Interpretations of Poetry and Religion (1900). In 1912, he published The Life of Reason, a five-volume work that explores the role of reason in human life.

Later Life and Works

In 1912, Santayana left his position at Harvard and returned to Europe, settling in Rome, Italy. He continued to write and publish, producing works such as Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923) and The Realms of Being (1927-1940). His philosophical system is characterized by a naturalistic approach to metaphysics and epistemology.

Philosophical Contributions

Santayana's philosophy is marked by a commitment to naturalism and a belief in the importance of aesthetics and spirituality. He argued that human experience is shaped by both the material world and the realm of ideals. His work has influenced a wide range of thinkers, including poets and philosophers.

Legacy

Santayana's influence extends beyond philosophy into literature and cultural criticism. His ideas on aesthetics and the nature of reality have been widely discussed and continue to be relevant in contemporary philosophical discourse.

Selected Works

• The Sense of Beauty (1896)
• Interpretations of Poetry and Religion (1900)
• The Life of Reason (1905-1906)
• Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923)
• The Realms of Being (1927-1940)

See Also

• Pragmatism
• Realism (philosophy)
• Naturalism (philosophy)

References

• McCormick, John. George Santayana: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987.
• Coleman, Martin. Santayana's Philosophy of Religion: His Roman Catholic Influences. New York: Lexington Books, 2008.

External Links

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: George Santayana
• Encyclopædia Britannica: George Santayana