Uterine gland

Diagram of the female reproductive system, showing the location of the uterine glands.

The uterine gland is a specialized gland located in the endometrium of the uterus. These glands play a crucial role in the reproductive process by secreting substances that support the early stages of embryo development and implantation.

Structure

Cross-section of the uterus, showing the endometrial layer where uterine glands are located.

Uterine glands are tubular structures that extend from the surface of the endometrium into the deeper layers. They are lined with epithelial cells that vary in shape and size depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. During the proliferative phase, the glands are relatively straight and narrow, while in the secretory phase, they become more coiled and enlarged.

Function

Illustration of the feto-maternal interface, highlighting the role of uterine secretions.

The primary function of uterine glands is to secrete "uterine milk," a nutrient-rich fluid that nourishes the embryo before the placenta is fully developed. This secretion contains proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates essential for embryo survival and growth. The glands also produce cytokines and growth factors that facilitate implantation and modulate the immune response to prevent rejection of the embryo.

Development

Uterine glands develop during the fetal stage and undergo significant changes during puberty and the menstrual cycle. Hormones such as estrogen and progesterone regulate their growth and activity. Estrogen stimulates gland proliferation, while progesterone enhances their secretory function.

Clinical Significance

Abnormalities in uterine gland function can lead to reproductive issues such as infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss. Conditions like endometriosis and adenomyosis can affect glandular function and structure, impacting fertility.

Related Pages

• Endometrium
• Menstrual cycle
• Embryo
• Implantation (human embryo)

References

• 
  Uterine gland
• 
  Uterine gland