Gluteus Maximus

Gluteus Maximus

The gluteus maximus is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. Its primary functions are to extend and laterally rotate the hip joint, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the trunk in the erect posture.

Anatomy

Origin

The gluteus maximus originates from several areas:

• The posterior gluteal line of the ilium
• The dorsal surface of the lower part of the sacrum and the side of the coccyx
• The sacrotuberous ligament
• The fascia covering the erector spinae

Insertion

The muscle fibers converge to insert into:

• The iliotibial tract, which is a band of connective tissue that runs along the lateral aspect of the thigh
• The gluteal tuberosity of the femur

Innervation

The gluteus maximus is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve, which arises from the sacral plexus (L5, S1, S2).

Function

The primary functions of the gluteus maximus include:

• Extension of the hip joint, which is essential for activities such as climbing stairs, rising from a sitting position, and running
• Lateral rotation of the hip
• Abduction of the hip
• Stabilization of the pelvis and trunk during walking and running

Clinical Significance

Injury

Injuries to the gluteus maximus can occur due to overuse, trauma, or improper exercise techniques. Common injuries include strains and tears, which can lead to pain and limited mobility.

Weakness

Weakness in the gluteus maximus can result in poor posture, lower back pain, and difficulty in performing activities that require hip extension. Strengthening exercises such as squats and lunges can help improve muscle function.

Related Muscles

The gluteus maximus works in conjunction with other muscles in the gluteal region, including:

• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus minimus
• Piriformis

See Also

• Hip joint
• Muscle anatomy
• Inferior gluteal nerve

References

• Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Netter, F. H. (2014). Atlas of Human Anatomy. Elsevier Health Sciences.