Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup E (Y-DNA) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup that is defined by the presence of a specific genetic marker, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) M96. This haplogroup is primarily found in Africa, with a higher concentration in Sub-Saharan Africa, but it also appears in significant frequencies in parts of the Middle East and North Africa. Haplogroup E is one of the most ancient and geographically widespread Y-chromosome lineages, tracing back to a common ancestor who likely lived in Africa over 50,000 years ago.

The distribution of Haplogroup E is closely associated with the spread of Bantu peoples during the Bantu expansion, which began approximately 5,000 years ago. This expansion led to the dispersal of Bantu languages and cultures across much of eastern and southern Africa, and the haplogroup's presence in these regions is a genetic footprint of this historical movement.

Haplogroup E is subdivided into several subclades, with E1b1a (E-V38) and E1b1b (E-M215) being among the most significant. E1b1a is predominantly found in West Africa and is closely linked to the Yoruba and Igbo peoples of Nigeria, as well as other groups in West and Central Africa. E1b1b, on the other hand, is more common in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Mediterranean, including populations in Ethiopia, Morocco, and Greece.

The study of Haplogroup E and its subclades provides valuable insights into human prehistory, including migration patterns, the development of languages, and the spread of agriculture. It also has implications for understanding the genetic diversity within and among African populations, as well as the historical connections between Africa and other parts of the world.