Henry II of England

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Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress, or Henry Plantagenet, was a pivotal figure in British history and the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty which would rule England for over three centuries. His reign from 1154 to 1189 marked significant developments in legal and administrative reforms, and he is often credited with laying the foundation for the English common law system.

Early Life

Henry was born in Le Mans, France, the son of Empress Matilda, the daughter of Henry I of England, and Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. His early claim to the English throne was contested, leading to a period of civil unrest known as The Anarchy. Henry's eventual accession to the throne in 1154, following his agreement with Stephen of Blois through the Treaty of Wallingford, ended this period of conflict.

Reign

Henry II's reign was marked by significant legal and administrative reforms, including the development of the Royal Courts and the introduction of the jury system. He also expanded his empire, which at its height included parts of France, such as Normandy and Aquitaine, through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, and his assertion of royal control over Wales and Ireland.

One of the most notable events of his reign was his conflict with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, over the rights and privileges of the Church. This conflict culminated in Becket's murder in 1170, a deed that stained Henry's reputation and led to his public penance at Canterbury Cathedral.

Henry's later years were marked by family rebellions and conflicts, particularly with his sons Henry the Young King, Richard the Lionheart, and John Lackland, which weakened his control over his territories.

Death and Legacy

Henry II died in 1189 in France and was succeeded by his son Richard I. His legacy is most notable in the legal reforms he implemented, which have had a lasting impact on the English legal system. His reign also set the stage for the future conflicts between the Crown and the nobility that would characterize English history for centuries.

Family

Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine was both a political alliance and a union that produced several children, including two future kings of England, Richard I and John. His family, particularly his sons, played a significant role in both the continuation and challenges of his reign.

Impact on the English Legal System

Henry II's contributions to the English legal system, including the establishment of royal courts and the jury system, were foundational in the development of common law. His reforms emphasized the role of royal authority in the administration of justice, setting precedents that would be built upon by his successors.