History of anorexia nervosa

English physician Richard Morton is generally credited with the earliest medical descriptions of the anorexic condition in 1689.

Sir William Gull, who wrote the seminal work and coined the term anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin, resulting in food restriction. The history of anorexia nervosa is complex and reflects evolving understandings of the disorder through centuries. This article traces the historical development of anorexia nervosa from its earliest recorded instances to the present day, highlighting significant milestones and changes in perception, diagnosis, and treatment.

Early History

The earliest descriptions that resemble anorexia nervosa can be traced back to religious fasting in the Middle Ages. During this period, many individuals, particularly women, engaged in self-starvation in the name of spiritual purity or in protest. One of the most famous cases is that of Saint Catherine of Siena in the 14th century, who is said to have lived on a daily sacrament of the Eucharist alone for years.

19th Century: Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Medical Condition

The term "anorexia nervosa" was first coined in 1873 by Sir William Gull, a British physician. Gull's detailed descriptions of the disorder in young women marked a shift from viewing anorexia as a spiritual or moral issue to recognizing it as a medical condition. Around the same time, French neurologist Charles Lasègue also described the disorder, emphasizing the role of family dynamics in its development.

20th Century: Psychological Perspectives and Treatment Advances

The 20th century saw significant advances in the understanding and treatment of anorexia nervosa. Psychoanalytic theories, particularly those proposed by Sigmund Freud, suggested that anorexia could be a manifestation of unconscious conflicts. This period also marked the beginning of using psychological therapies, including psychoanalysis and family therapy, to treat eating disorders.

In the latter half of the century, the focus shifted towards biological and genetic factors, with research indicating a potential hereditary component to anorexia. The development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) by the American Psychiatric Association provided a standardized classification and diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, further legitimizing it as a serious mental health condition.

21st Century: Modern Understanding and Treatment

Today, anorexia nervosa is understood as a complex disorder with biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Treatment approaches have become more holistic, often involving a combination of nutritional counseling, psychotherapy, and medication. There is also a growing recognition of the importance of early intervention and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment.

The rise of social media and its impact on body image has brought new challenges in the fight against anorexia, but also new opportunities for raising awareness and supporting those affected by the disorder.

Conclusion

The history of anorexia nervosa reflects broader changes in society's understanding of mental health and illness. From its early association with religious fasting to its current recognition as a multifaceted psychological disorder, the perception of anorexia nervosa has evolved significantly. Ongoing research and advances in treatment continue to improve outcomes for those living with this challenging condition.