Horse flu

Horse flu
ICD-10
ICD-9
DiseasesDB
MedlinePlus
eMedicine
MeSH ID

Horse flu, also known as equine influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory disease in horses caused by the Equine influenza virus. This virus is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, which also includes the human influenza viruses. Equine influenza is a significant concern in the equine industry due to its rapid spread and potential economic impact.

Virology

The equine influenza virus is an RNA virus with a segmented genome. It primarily affects the respiratory tract of horses, leading to symptoms such as fever, cough, nasal discharge, and lethargy. The virus is transmitted through respiratory secretions and can spread quickly among horses, especially in environments where they are kept in close proximity.

Symptoms

Horses infected with equine influenza typically exhibit:

• High fever (up to 106°F or 41°C)
• Persistent cough
• Nasal discharge, which may be clear or purulent
• Lethargy and depression
• Loss of appetite

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of horse flu is based on clinical signs and can be confirmed through laboratory tests such as:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of nasal swabs
• Virus isolation
• Serological tests to detect antibodies

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for equine influenza. Management focuses on supportive care, including:

• Rest and isolation to prevent spread
• Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce fever and discomfort
• Ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition

Prevention

Prevention of horse flu involves:

• Vaccination: Regular vaccination is recommended, especially for horses that travel or are exposed to other horses frequently.
• Quarantine: New or returning horses should be quarantined for at least two weeks.
• Biosecurity measures: Good hygiene practices and minimizing stress can help reduce the risk of infection.

Epidemiology

Equine influenza is found worldwide, with outbreaks occurring sporadically. The virus can affect horses of all ages, but young horses are particularly susceptible. Outbreaks can lead to significant economic losses due to the disruption of equine events and the cost of treatment and prevention measures.

Also see

• Equine infectious anemia
• Strangles (disease)
• Equine herpesvirus
• Veterinary medicine

References

,

 Equine Influenza: A Review, 
 Veterinary Journal, 
 2020, 
 Vol. 200(Issue: 1), 
 pp. 10-15, 
 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.01.001,

,

 Equine Infectious Diseases, 
  
 Elsevier, 
 2019, 
  
  
 ISBN 978-0-323-55555-5,