Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis life cycle

Neurological disease in horses

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a serious neurological disease affecting horses. It is caused by the protozoan parasites Sarcocystis neurona and, less commonly, Neospora hughesi. These parasites infect the central nervous system, leading to a range of neurological symptoms.

Symptoms

The clinical signs of EPM can vary widely, depending on the location of the lesions in the central nervous system. Common symptoms include:

• Ataxia (incoordination)
• Muscle atrophy
• Weakness
• Spasticity
• Abnormal gait
• Head tilt
• Seizures (in severe cases)

Causes

EPM is primarily caused by the ingestion of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts, which are shed in the feces of the definitive host, the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Horses become infected by consuming feed or water contaminated with these sporocysts. Neospora hughesi is another protozoan that can cause EPM, though it is less common.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing EPM involves a combination of clinical signs, neurological examination, and diagnostic tests. Key diagnostic methods include:

• Neurological examination to assess the extent of neurological deficits.
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to detect antibodies against the causative protozoa.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing to identify the presence of protozoal DNA in the CSF.

Treatment

Treatment of EPM typically involves the use of antiprotozoal drugs such as ponazuril, diclazuril, or sulfadiazine combined with pyrimethamine. Additionally, anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a better prognosis.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Reducing exposure to opossums and their feces.
• Implementing good feed and water management practices to avoid contamination.
• Regularly cleaning and maintaining stables and feeding areas.

Related Pages

• Neurological disease
• Sarcocystis neurona
• Neospora hughesi
• Veterinary medicine
• Ataxia
• Muscle atrophy