Human alphaherpesvirus 2

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== Human alphaherpesvirus 2 ==

Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HHV-2), also known as Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), is a member of the Herpesviridae family, which is responsible for causing genital herpes. It is closely related to Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), which primarily causes oral herpes.

Virology

HHV-2 is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. The virus has a characteristic icosahedral capsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer envelope. The genome of HHV-2 encodes for various proteins that facilitate viral replication and evasion of the host immune system.

Transmission

HHV-2 is primarily transmitted through sexual contact. The virus can be spread even when an infected individual is asymptomatic. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth, leading to neonatal herpes.

Pathogenesis

After initial infection, HHV-2 establishes latency in the sensory ganglia of the host. During periods of immunosuppression or stress, the virus can reactivate, leading to recurrent episodes of genital lesions. The primary infection is often more severe than recurrent episodes and can be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise.

Clinical Manifestations

The primary clinical manifestation of HHV-2 infection is genital herpes, characterized by painful vesicular lesions on the genital and anal areas. Other symptoms may include itching, dysuria, and lymphadenopathy. In some cases, HHV-2 can cause complications such as aseptic meningitis and herpes simplex encephalitis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of HHV-2 infection can be made through various methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), viral culture, and serological tests. PCR is the most sensitive and specific method for detecting HHV-2 DNA in clinical specimens.

Treatment

There is no cure for HHV-2 infection, but antiviral medications such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir can help manage symptoms and reduce the frequency of recurrences. Suppressive therapy may be recommended for individuals with frequent outbreaks.

Prevention

Preventive measures include the use of condoms during sexual activity and antiviral prophylaxis for individuals with recurrent infections. Pregnant women with a history of HHV-2 infection may be given antiviral therapy to reduce the risk of neonatal transmission.

See also

• Herpesviridae
• Human alphaherpesvirus 1
• Genital herpes
• Neonatal herpes
• Acyclovir
• Valacyclovir
• Famciclovir