Human metapneumovirus

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae, which is a group of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. First identified in 2001 in the Netherlands, HMPV is closely related to the Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), another significant cause of respiratory infections. HMPV is recognized as a common pathogen worldwide, causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections primarily in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

The clinical manifestations of HMPV infection can range from mild respiratory symptoms to severe lower respiratory tract disease. Symptoms often include cough, fever, nasal congestion, and wheezing. In more severe cases, particularly among the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, HMPV can lead to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Transmission

HMPV is transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. The virus has a seasonal pattern in temperate climates, with peak occurrences during the late winter and early spring months.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of HMPV infection is primarily based on the detection of viral RNA in respiratory specimens using Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Serological tests and viral culture methods are also used but are less common due to their lower sensitivity and longer turnaround times.

Treatment and Prevention

There is currently no specific antiviral treatment approved for HMPV infection. Management of the disease is mainly supportive, focusing on the relief of symptoms and, in severe cases, may require hospitalization for supportive care, including oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Prevention strategies include good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers.

Epidemiology

Since its discovery, HMPV has been identified as a significant cause of respiratory infections globally, accounting for a substantial number of hospitalizations each year, especially in young children and the elderly. The virus exhibits a worldwide distribution, with nearly all children having been exposed to HMPV by the age of 5 years.

Research and Future Directions

Research efforts are ongoing to develop effective vaccines and antiviral therapies against HMPV. Several vaccine candidates are in various stages of development, aiming to reduce the incidence and severity of HMPV-associated diseases.

See Also

• Virology
• Epidemiology
• Respiratory tract infections
• Vaccine
• Antiviral drug