Hypersplenism

Hypersplenism is a medical condition characterized by an overactive spleen, which results in the excessive destruction of blood cells, leading to cytopenias. It is often associated with conditions such as liver cirrhosis, malaria, and lymphomas.

Causes

Hypersplenism can be caused by a variety of conditions, including liver disease, infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. The spleen becomes overactive, leading to the excessive destruction of blood cells.

• Liver disease: Conditions such as liver cirrhosis can lead to hypersplenism. The spleen becomes enlarged due to the increased pressure in the blood vessels of the liver (portal hypertension).
• Infections: Certain infections, such as malaria, can cause the spleen to become overactive.
• Cancers: Certain types of cancer, such as lymphomas, can cause hypersplenism.
• Autoimmune diseases: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus can lead to hypersplenism.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hypersplenism can vary depending on the underlying cause. They may include:

• Anemia (low red blood cell count)
• Leukopenia (low white blood cell count)
• Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
• Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Frequent infections

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hypersplenism is usually based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scan may be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

The treatment of hypersplenism depends on the underlying cause. It may include:

• Treating the underlying condition
• Splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen)
• Partial splenic embolization (a procedure to block the blood supply to part of the spleen)

See also

• Spleen
• Cytopenia
• Splenomegaly

Hypersplenism Resources
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