ISIS

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), is a militant group and formerly unrecognized proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi jihadist doctrine of Sunni Islam. ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq campaign, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre.

History

ISIL originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, which pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda and participated in the Iraq War. Following various mergers and name changes, it became the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006. After expanding into Syria during the Syrian Civil War, it became ISIL.

Ideology

ISIL's ideology is based on an extreme interpretation of Islam, promoting religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates. Key elements of ISIL's ideology include the return to the early days of Islam, rejection of Shi'ism, and the belief in a Caliphate.

Governance

At its height, ISIL claimed governance over a significant territory in Iraq and Syria, implementing a strict interpretation of Sharia law. It claimed responsibility for the administration of services, such as education and healthcare, albeit with a high level of violence and enforcement.

Military actions and tactics

ISIL is known for its brutal tactics, which include terrorism, mass executions, and using hostages and suicide bombings as a method of warfare. Its military strategy includes conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics.

Decline

Since 2019, ISIL has lost most of its territory due to military operations conducted by various global and regional powers, including the United States, Russia, and local forces in Iraq and Syria. However, it continues to operate as an insurgent group with cells in several countries.

Affiliates

ISIL has several affiliates in different regions, including Boko Haram in Nigeria, which pledged allegiance in 2015, and others in regions such as the Sinai Peninsula, Libya, and Yemen.

Impact

The rise and activities of ISIL have led to significant regional instability, humanitarian crises, and the displacement of millions of people. It has also influenced global security policies and led to the formation of international coalitions against terrorism.