Ibadi Islam

خريطة الدولة الرستمية

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Ibadi Islam is a branch of Islam that is distinct from the more widely known Sunni and Shi'a branches. It traces its origins back to the early Islamic period, specifically to the 7th century CE, and is often associated with the Kharijites, from whom the Ibadis are said to have evolved. However, Ibadi Muslims distinguish their beliefs and practices from those of the Kharijites, emphasizing a more moderate approach. The Ibadi school is known for its emphasis on the community's consensus and the character of its leaders, rather than their lineage.

Beliefs and Practices

Ibadi Islam shares many fundamental aspects with other branches of Islam, such as the belief in one God (Allah), the importance of the Quran as the holy book, and the practices of prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage. However, it differs in its criteria for leadership within the Muslim community, or Ummah, and its historical stance on Muslim leadership and governance. Ibadis hold that the leader of the Muslim community should be elected based on his piety and adherence to Islamic principles, rather than being chosen based on lineage or power. This leader is referred to as the Imam in Ibadi thought.

Another distinctive feature of Ibadi Islam is its approach to Muslim community and other Muslims. Ibadis advocate for peaceful coexistence and tolerance, distinguishing themselves from the early Kharijites who were known for their extreme views on takfir (declaring other Muslims as non-believers). Ibadis reject extremism and emphasize justice, community, and the importance of intention in one's actions.

History

The origins of Ibadi Islam can be traced back to the early Islamic schisms following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Initially, the Ibadis were part of the larger Kharijite movement, which opposed the fourth Caliph, Ali, and later the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, on the grounds of their legitimacy and governance. Over time, the Ibadis distanced themselves from the more radical elements of the Kharijite movement, developing their own distinct theological and legal identity.

Ibadi communities have historically been, and continue to be, concentrated in certain regions, including parts of Algeria, Libya, Oman, and Zanzibar. Oman is particularly notable as the only country in the world where Ibadis constitute the majority of the Muslim population and where the Ibadi school of thought significantly influences the state's governance and religious practices.

Contemporary Ibadi Islam

Today, Ibadi Islam remains a significant, though less widely known, branch of Islam. Its followers continue to uphold the principles of moderation, community consensus, and the importance of the leader's character. In Oman, the Ibadi tradition plays a crucial role in the country's identity and governance, with the Sultan of Oman also serving as a spiritual leader for the Ibadi community.

Despite its smaller size compared to Sunni and Shi'a Islam, Ibadi Islam contributes to the rich tapestry of Islamic thought and practice. Its emphasis on tolerance, community, and ethical leadership offers a unique perspective within the broader Muslim world.

See Also

• Islam
• Sunni Islam
• Shi'a Islam
• Kharijites
• Oman