Ichthyol

Natural product used in medicine

Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

Diagram of engineered monoclonal antibodies

Engineered monoclonal antibodies are a class of biological therapies that are designed to target specific antigens on the surface of cells. These antibodies are produced using recombinant DNA technologies and are used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Structure and Function

Monoclonal antibodies are composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, forming a Y-shaped molecule. The tips of the "Y" contain the antigen-binding sites, which are highly specific to the target antigen. This specificity allows monoclonal antibodies to bind to their target with high affinity, blocking or modulating the function of the antigen.

Types of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

There are several types of engineered monoclonal antibodies, each designed for specific therapeutic purposes:

• Chimeric antibodies: These antibodies are composed of murine (mouse) variable regions and human constant regions. They are less immunogenic than fully murine antibodies.

• Humanized antibodies: These antibodies are mostly human, with only the antigen-binding sites derived from murine sources. This reduces the risk of immune reactions.

• Fully human antibodies: These are entirely human in origin, produced using transgenic mice or phage display technologies.

• Bispecific antibodies: These antibodies are engineered to bind two different antigens simultaneously, offering unique therapeutic mechanisms.

Applications in Medicine

Engineered monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases:

• Cancer therapy: Monoclonal antibodies can target specific tumor antigens, leading to direct tumor cell killing or recruitment of immune cells to attack the tumor.

• Autoimmune diseases: By targeting specific components of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies can reduce inflammation and tissue damage in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

• Infectious diseases: Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize pathogens or their toxins, providing passive immunity or enhancing the host's immune response.

Production

The production of engineered monoclonal antibodies involves several steps:

1. Antigen identification: The target antigen is identified and characterized. 2. Hybridoma technology: B cells from immunized animals are fused with myeloma cells to create hybridomas that produce the desired antibody. 3. Recombinant DNA technology: Genes encoding the antibody are cloned and expressed in suitable host cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. 4. Purification and formulation: The antibodies are purified and formulated for clinical use.

Challenges and Future Directions

While engineered monoclonal antibodies have shown great promise, there are challenges such as high production costs, potential for immune reactions, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve antibody design, reduce immunogenicity, and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Related Pages

• Monoclonal antibody therapy
• Biopharmaceutical
• Immunotherapy
• Hybridoma technology

Ichthyol is a natural product derived from bituminous schists through a process of dry distillation. It is primarily used in medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antipruritic properties. The substance is known for its distinctive dark color and strong odor.

History

Ichthyol was first discovered in the late 19th century by the Austrian chemist Paul Gerson Unna. It was initially used in the treatment of skin diseases and has since found applications in various medical fields.

Chemical Composition

Ichthyol is composed of a complex mixture of sulfonated hydrocarbons. The exact composition can vary depending on the source of the bituminous schists and the specific distillation process used.

Medical Uses

Ichthyol is commonly used in the treatment of various dermatological conditions, including:

• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Acne
• Rosacea

It is also used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and as a component in ichthyol ointment for its soothing properties.

Mechanism of Action

The exact mechanism of action of ichthyol is not fully understood. However, it is believed to work by reducing inflammation and bacterial growth on the skin. Its keratolytic properties help in the shedding of the outer layer of the skin, promoting healing.

Side Effects

Common side effects of ichthyol include:

• Skin irritation
• Allergic reactions
• Photosensitivity

Related Pages

• Dermatology
• Anti-inflammatory
• Antiseptic
• Keratolytic
• Psoriasis
• Eczema
• Acne

See Also

• Bituminous schists
• Paul Gerson Unna
• Ichthyol ointment

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