Illuminationism

Bagdad1258

Illuminationism is a philosophical doctrine rooted in the early Islamic period, emphasizing the role of divine light in the process of intellectual intuition and knowledge acquisition. This school of thought, also known as Ishraqi philosophy, was founded by the Persian philosopher Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi (1154–1191), who sought to harmonize the philosophical traditions of Platonism, Neoplatonism, and Islamic philosophy, particularly the teachings of Avicenna (Ibn Sina).

Origins and Development

Illuminationism (Ishraq in Arabic) emerged in the 12th century as Suhrawardi attempted to create a philosophical system that moved beyond the Aristotelian and Avicennian frameworks dominant in Islamic philosophy at the time. Suhrawardi's work was influenced by ancient Iranian thought, Sufism, and the mystical aspects of Islamic teachings. He posited that all existence is composed of light, with varying degrees of intensity and purity, and that the ultimate source of this light is a transcendent God.

Key Concepts

The central concept of Illuminationism is the idea that knowledge comes through an inner light, which illuminates the mind upon receiving it. This light is not physical but rather metaphysical, and its perception allows the knower to grasp the essences or intelligible forms of things directly, without reliance on discursive reasoning.

1. 1. 1. Hierarchy of Lights###

Suhrawardi elaborated a complex hierarchy of lights, ranging from the most intense and pure (the Light of Lights, which is the source of all existence) down to the material world, which is seen as the dimmest form of light. Human souls are considered to be made of light, and their knowledge is a process of rediscovering the luminous nature of reality.

1. 1. 1. Knowledge and Intuition###

In Illuminationist philosophy, true knowledge is achieved through a direct, intuitive insight that is illuminated by the inner light of the soul, bypassing the need for empirical evidence or logical deduction. This approach places a significant emphasis on the spiritual and mystical dimensions of knowledge.

Influence and Legacy

Illuminationism had a profound impact on later Islamic philosophy, especially within the Sufi tradition, where Suhrawardi's emphasis on light and intuition complemented the mystical quest for direct experience of the divine. It also influenced later philosophers, both within the Islamic world and in the West, particularly in the realm of metaphysics and epistemology.

Despite its initial suppression due to Suhrawardi's execution for heresy, Illuminationism was revived and further developed by subsequent philosophers, such as Mulla Sadra in the 17th century, who integrated it with Shi'a theology and Peripatetic philosophy, creating a new synthesis known as the School of Isfahan.

Criticism and Controversy

Illuminationism faced criticism from both orthodox Islamic scholars, who viewed its metaphysical speculations with suspicion, and from philosophers who adhered to more rationalist and empirical approaches. Critics argued that Suhrawardi's reliance on intuition and inner illumination could not provide a reliable basis for knowledge, leading to subjective and potentially misleading insights.

Conclusion

Illuminationism represents a unique and influential philosophical tradition within Islamic thought, offering a distinctive approach to knowledge, metaphysics, and the nature of reality. Its emphasis on light as both the metaphysical foundation of existence and the means of intellectual and spiritual illumination continues to inspire philosophical and mystical discussions.