Indian independence movement

Clive

Tipu death

Ganga Narayan Singh

Birsa Munda, photograph in Roy (1912-72)

Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja

Indian Independence Movement

The Indian Independence Movement was a series of historical events, political actions, and revolutionary ideas that culminated in the independence of India from British rule on 15 August 1947. This movement spanned over a century, involving a myriad of strategies, philosophies, and contributions from diverse sections of the Indian society.

Origins and Early Phase

The seeds of the Indian Independence Movement were sown with the establishment of the British East India Company's rule in the 18th century. The discontent against British policies and the drain of wealth led to the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885, which initially sought dominion status within the British Empire but later demanded complete independence.

Revolutionary Activities

Parallel to the peaceful protests, revolutionary groups emerged in the early 20th century. These groups, such as the Anushilan Samiti and the Ghadar Party, believed in armed rebellion to oust the British. Notable revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose played significant roles in inspiring the youth towards the cause of independence.

Mass Movements

Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the independence movement took a decisive turn with the introduction of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience. Key movements led by Gandhi included the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), the Salt March (1930), and the Quit India Movement (1942), which saw widespread participation from all strata of Indian society.

Partition of India

The demand for a separate Muslim state, led by the All India Muslim League and its leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah, resulted in the partition of India into two dominions, India and Pakistan, on the eve of independence. The partition led to massive communal violence and the displacement of millions of people.

Independence and Aftermath

India finally gained independence from British rule on 15 August 1947, marked by the Indian Independence Act 1947. The joy of independence was, however, marred by the partition's violence and the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948. The newly independent nation embarked on a journey to establish a democratic republic, which was realized with the adoption of the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950.

Legacy

The Indian Independence Movement left a lasting impact on the world, inspiring numerous other colonial countries to fight for their freedom. It also led to the emergence of India as the world's largest democracy and set the stage for its socio-economic development in the decades to follow.