Inhalational anaesthetic

Inhalational anaesthetic is a type of anaesthetic used primarily in surgery and dentistry. It is administered through inhalation and induces a state of unconsciousness, allowing medical procedures to be performed without the patient experiencing pain.

History

The use of inhalational anaesthetics dates back to the 19th century. The first successful demonstration of ether as an inhalational anaesthetic was by William T.G. Morton in 1846. This was followed by the introduction of chloroform by James Young Simpson. The development and use of inhalational anaesthetics have significantly evolved over the years, with newer and safer agents being introduced.

Types

There are several types of inhalational anaesthetics, including nitrous oxide, desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane. These agents differ in their potency, speed of onset, and side effect profiles.

Nitrous Oxide

Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a weak anaesthetic often used in combination with other agents. It has a rapid onset and recovery time.

Desflurane

Desflurane is a highly potent inhalational anaesthetic. It has a rapid onset and recovery time, but its use can be associated with respiratory irritation.

Sevoflurane

Sevoflurane is a potent inhalational anaesthetic with a rapid onset and recovery time. It is often used in paediatric anaesthesia due to its non-irritating properties.

Isoflurane

Isoflurane is a potent inhalational anaesthetic with a slower onset and recovery time compared to desflurane and sevoflurane. It is often used in neurosurgery due to its neuroprotective properties.

Mechanism of Action

Inhalational anaesthetics work by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a loss of sensation and consciousness. The exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the modulation of GABA receptors in the brain.

Side Effects

Common side effects of inhalational anaesthetics include nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and shivering. More serious side effects can include respiratory depression, hypotension, and malignant hyperthermia, a potentially life-threatening reaction.

See Also

• General anaesthesia
• Local anaesthesia
• Anaesthesiology