Insulin analogue
(Redirected from Insulin analog)
Insulin analogs are modified forms of human insulin designed to improve pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, providing better glycemic control for people with diabetes mellitus. These synthetic insulins have altered amino acid sequences, affecting their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties.
Types of Insulin Analogs[edit | edit source]
Insulin analogs are classified into rapid-acting, long-acting, and ultra-long-acting formulations based on their onset and duration of action.
Rapid-acting Insulin Analogs[edit | edit source]
Used to control postprandial blood glucose spikes.
Name | Brand Names | Onset of Action | Peak Effect | Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin lispro | Humalog, Admelog | ~15 min | 1–2 hours | 3–5 hours |
Insulin aspart | NovoLog, Fiasp | ~10–20 min | 1–3 hours | 3–5 hours |
Insulin glulisine | Apidra | ~15 min | 1–2 hours | 3–5 hours |
Long-acting and Ultra-long-acting Insulin Analogs[edit | edit source]
Used to maintain basal insulin levels throughout the day.
Name | Brand Names | Onset of Action | Peak Effect | Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin glargine | Lantus, Toujeo, Basaglar | ~1–2 hours | No significant peak | 18–24 hours |
Insulin detemir | Levemir | ~1–2 hours | Minimal peak | 12–24 hours |
Insulin degludec | Tresiba | ~1 hour | No significant peak | >42 hours |
Mechanism of Action[edit | edit source]
Insulin analogs work by: 1. Binding to the insulin receptor (IR) on target cells (liver, muscle, adipose). 2. Stimulating glucose uptake via GLUT4 transporters. 3. Inhibiting hepatic glucose production and promoting glycogen synthesis. 4. Suppressing lipolysis and proteolysis.
The modifications in insulin analogs affect their absorption rate and receptor affinity, providing a more physiological insulin profile.
Advantages of Insulin Analogs[edit | edit source]
Compared to human insulin, insulin analogs offer:
- Faster onset (e.g., rapid-acting analogs for meal coverage).
- Prolonged basal action (e.g., ultra-long-acting insulin reduces nocturnal hypoglycemia).
- Lower risk of hypoglycemia (especially long-acting formulations).
- More predictable absorption with less variability.
Clinical Indications[edit | edit source]
Insulin analogs are used for:
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) – Requires both basal and bolus insulin.
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) – Used when oral hypoglycemic agents fail.
- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) – Preferred over human insulin for better glycemic control.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) – IV insulin analogs used in critical care settings.
Comparison with Human Insulin[edit | edit source]
Feature | Human Insulin | Insulin Analogs |
---|---|---|
Onset of action | Slower (30–60 min) | Faster (10–15 min for rapid-acting) |
Duration | Shorter or longer (varies) | More predictable |
Risk of hypoglycemia | Higher | Lower (especially nocturnal hypoglycemia) |
Absorption variability | Higher | Lower |
Potential Side Effects[edit | edit source]
Common side effects include:
- Hypoglycemia (risk varies by type of insulin).
- Weight gain (due to anabolic effects of insulin).
- Injection site reactions (e.g., lipodystrophy).
- Allergic reactions (rare but possible).
- Hypokalemia (can lead to cardiac arrhythmias).
Special Considerations[edit | edit source]
- Renal impairment – Adjust dosing for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- Liver dysfunction – Insulin metabolism is reduced in hepatic impairment.
- Pregnancy and lactation – Some analogs (e.g., insulin detemir) are FDA-approved for pregnancy.
Future Developments[edit | edit source]
Research is ongoing for:
- Oral insulin formulations (to improve compliance).
- Smart insulin pumps (automated insulin delivery systems).
- Ultra-rapid insulins (faster onset for meal-time control).
See Also[edit | edit source]
Search WikiMD
Ad.Tired of being Overweight? Try W8MD's physician weight loss program.
Semaglutide (Ozempic / Wegovy and Tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound) available.
Advertise on WikiMD
WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia |
Let Food Be Thy Medicine Medicine Thy Food - Hippocrates |
Translate this page: - East Asian
中文,
日本,
한국어,
South Asian
हिन्दी,
தமிழ்,
తెలుగు,
Urdu,
ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian
Indonesian,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
မြန်မာဘာသာ,
বাংলা
European
español,
Deutsch,
français,
Greek,
português do Brasil,
polski,
română,
русский,
Nederlands,
norsk,
svenska,
suomi,
Italian
Middle Eastern & African
عربى,
Turkish,
Persian,
Hebrew,
Afrikaans,
isiZulu,
Kiswahili,
Other
Bulgarian,
Hungarian,
Czech,
Swedish,
മലയാളം,
मराठी,
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ,
ગુજરાતી,
Portuguese,
Ukrainian
Medical Disclaimer: WikiMD is not a substitute for professional medical advice. The information on WikiMD is provided as an information resource only, may be incorrect, outdated or misleading, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. Please consult your health care provider before making any healthcare decisions or for guidance about a specific medical condition. WikiMD expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury, or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained in this site. By visiting this site you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by WikiMD. If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter or use this site. See full disclaimer.
Credits:Most images are courtesy of Wikimedia commons, and templates, categories Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY SA or similar.
Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD, Dr.T