Intracranial arteriovenous malformations

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (IAVMs) are abnormal, snarled tangles of blood vessels that occur within the brain and the surrounding structures. These malformations can alter the normal flow of blood, leading to various complications.

Overview

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations are congenital conditions, meaning they are present at birth. They are part of a group of conditions known as vascular malformations. IAVMs are rare, affecting less than 1% of the population. They can occur anywhere within the central nervous system, but are most commonly found in the brain.

Pathophysiology

In a normal brain, arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain, while veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the lungs and heart. In an IAVM, a direct connection forms between the arteries and veins, bypassing the capillaries. This abnormal blood flow can lead to various complications, including hemorrhage, seizures, and neurological deficits.

Symptoms

The symptoms of IAVMs can vary greatly depending on the size and location of the malformation. Common symptoms include headache, seizure, and neurological problems such as weakness or numbness in part of the body, vision loss, difficulty speaking, and unsteadiness.

Diagnosis

IAVMs are often discovered incidentally during brain imaging studies for other conditions. However, they can also be diagnosed following a neurological examination if a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of an IAVM. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan can confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

The treatment for IAVMs depends on the size, location, and characteristics of the malformation, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options include observation, surgery, radiosurgery, and endovascular embolization.

See also

• Arteriovenous malformation
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Neurosurgery