Invidia

Le Court Envy

Jacques Callot, Envy, probably after 1621, NGA 51550

Invidia is a concept deeply rooted in Roman mythology and Latin literature, embodying the sense of envy or jealousy towards others' achievements and happiness. The term itself is derived from the Latin word for envy, "invidia," which in ancient Roman culture was not merely an emotion but also a potentially harmful force, believed to be capable of bringing misfortune to the envied person through the malevolent gaze or ill wishes of the envious.

Etymology and Historical Context

The word "invidia" originates from the Latin "invidere," which means to look upon with malice. This concept is not unique to Roman culture; it parallels notions found in many other cultures, such as the evil eye prevalent in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern traditions. In Roman society, invidia was considered a serious concern, as it was thought that envy could not only affect the emotional state of individuals but also manifest physically, causing harm to those who were the objects of envy.

Invidia in Roman Mythology

In Roman mythology, Invidia is personified as a goddess, similar to the Greek goddess Nemesis. She is depicted as a figure who punishes those who succumb to envy or, conversely, those who provoke envy in others. The goddess Invidia is often portrayed with a sullen, frowning face, holding a Cornucopia that symbolizes the fortunes that may cause envy, and sometimes accompanied by animals like snakes, which symbolize the venom and spite associated with jealousy.

Cultural and Literary Depictions

Invidia has been a prevalent theme in Latin literature, explored by poets and authors such as Ovid, Virgil, and Horace. These literary works often depict invidia as a destructive force, capable of undermining social harmony and personal well-being. For example, in Ovid's "Metamorphoses," the theme of envy serves as a catalyst for various transformations and tragedies, highlighting the destructive nature of this emotion.

Philosophical and Moral Implications

The Romans also considered invidia in the context of moral philosophy, viewing it as a vice that undermines the social fabric and individual character. Philosophers like Seneca and Cicero discussed invidia in their works, emphasizing the importance of cultivating virtues that counteract envy, such as gratitude and generosity. They argued that overcoming invidia was essential for achieving personal happiness and maintaining social order.

Legacy

The concept of invidia has transcended its ancient origins, influencing Western thought, literature, and art through the centuries. It has served as a theme in the works of Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy," where invidia is one of the sins punished in Purgatory, and in various Renaissance artworks that depict the moral and emotional aspects of envy.

See Also

• Seven deadly sins
• Evil eye
• Nemesis (mythology)
• Roman mythology