Isoprenoid

Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. They are an important class of natural products with a wide range of applications including medicine, nutrition, and the manufacture of chemicals.

Structure and biosynthesis

Isoprenoids are made from the five-carbon monomer isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). These two molecules undergo head-to-tail condensation to form larger molecules. The biosynthesis of isoprenoids can occur via two distinct pathways: the mevalonate pathway and the non-mevalonate pathway, also known as the MEP/DOXP pathway.

Classification

Isoprenoids can be classified based on the number of isoprene units present. Monoterpenes contain two isoprene units, sesquiterpenes contain three, diterpenes contain four, and so on. The largest isoprenoids are the polyterpenes, which contain many isoprene units.

Functions

Isoprenoids play widely varying roles in the physiological processes of plants and animals. They are involved in a wide range of biological functions, including cell membrane stabilization, hormone regulation, and anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer activities.

Applications

Isoprenoids have a wide range of applications in various fields. They are used in the production of perfumes, spices, and food additives due to their aromatic properties. In medicine, they are used in the treatment of diseases such as cancer and malaria.

See also

• Terpene
• Mevalonate pathway
• Non-mevalonate pathway
• Monoterpene
• Sesquiterpene
• Diterpene
• Polyterpene

Isoprenoid Resources
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