Ixodes holocyclus

Ixodes holocyclus, commonly known as the Australian paralysis tick, is one of about 75 species of Australian tick fauna and is considered the most medically important. It can cause paralysis by injecting neurotoxins into its host. It is usually found in a 20-kilometre wide band following the eastern coastline of Australia. Within this range Ixodes holocyclus is the tick most frequently encountered by humans and their pets.

Description

The Ixodes holocyclus tick is a three-host tick, i.e., it requires a different host at each stage of its life cycle: larva, nymph, and adult. The adult female is distinguished by a large, grey, pear-shaped body with legs that are close to the body. This species is notorious for its potent neurotoxin which can induce paralysis and even death in pets and humans.

Distribution and habitat

The Ixodes holocyclus is found along the eastern coast of Australia, typically within a 20-kilometre wide band. It inhabits both natural and urban environments, particularly areas with high humidity and rainfall. The tick's preferred hosts are native Australian mammals, such as bandicoots and possums.

Life cycle

The life cycle of the Ixodes holocyclus consists of four stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The tick requires a blood meal at each stage before maturation. The entire life cycle can take up to a year to complete.

Medical significance

The Ixodes holocyclus is considered the most medically significant tick in Australia due to its ability to produce a neurotoxin that can cause paralysis in both humans and pets. Symptoms of tick paralysis can include weakness, unsteady gait, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Prevention and control

Prevention of tick bites includes avoiding tick-infested areas, wearing protective clothing, using tick repellents, and conducting regular tick checks. Pets should be regularly checked and treated for ticks.

See also

• Ticks of domestic animals
• Tick paralysis
• Tick-borne disease