Junín

Junín virus (Junín orthohantavirus) is a species of RNA virus in the family Arenaviridae, responsible for causing Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The disease is endemic to the humid pampas of Argentina and is named after the city of Junín, one of the places where the virus was first identified. The Junín virus is a zoonotic pathogen, transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their excretions.

Epidemiology

The primary host of the Junín virus is the Calomys musculinus rodent, commonly known as the corn mouse. The virus is maintained within the rodent population and transmitted through aerosolized particles of rodent excreta. Human infections typically occur in rural areas where agricultural activities disturb rodent habitats, increasing the risk of exposure to the virus. Cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever have been predominantly reported in the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba, and La Pampa.

Clinical Features

After an incubation period of 1 to 2 weeks, the infection manifests initially with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, malaise, dizziness, and muscle aches. As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms may develop, including hemorrhagic manifestations, neurological symptoms like tremors and confusion, and a potentially fatal shock syndrome. Without treatment, the case-fatality rate of Argentine hemorrhagic fever can reach 15-30%.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Junín virus infection is based on clinical symptoms, epidemiological history, and laboratory tests. Laboratory diagnosis can be made through virus isolation, serological tests to detect specific antibodies, or molecular techniques such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify viral RNA.

Treatment and Prevention

The antiviral drug ribavirin has been effective in treating Junín virus infection if administered early in the course of the disease. Additionally, a live-attenuated vaccine, Candid#1, has been developed and is recommended for people living in or traveling to endemic areas. Preventive measures also include controlling rodent populations and minimizing human exposure to rodent excreta.

Research

Research on the Junín virus has focused on understanding its virology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology to develop effective treatments and preventive measures. The virus's ability to cause severe disease and its potential use as a bioterrorism agent have made it a subject of interest in the field of biodefense.