KLK4

Kallikrein-4 (KLK4) is a serine protease enzyme encoded by the KLK4 gene in humans. This enzyme plays a significant role in the process of enamel maturation in teeth, as well as in other physiological and pathological processes, including cancer progression. KLK4 is part of the kallikrein-related peptidase family, a group of enzymes involved in various biological functions such as blood pressure regulation, semen liquefaction, and skin desquamation.

Function

KLK4 is primarily expressed in the prostate, but it is also found in other tissues including the salivary gland, breast, and testis. In the context of tooth development, KLK4 is crucial for the proper maturation of dental enamel. It functions by degrading enamel matrix proteins, which facilitates the hardening of the enamel. This process is essential for the formation of fully functional and structurally sound teeth.

In addition to its role in enamel maturation, KLK4 has been implicated in cancer biology. It is believed to contribute to tumor progression and metastasis in several types of cancer, including prostate, ovarian, and breast cancer. The enzyme's ability to degrade extracellular matrix components may facilitate cancer cell invasion and spread.

Gene

The KLK4 gene is located on chromosome 19q13.41 and is part of a larger kallikrein gene cluster. This gene cluster consists of 15 kallikrein subfamily members, which are closely related in terms of sequence and function. The KLK4 gene, like other members of this family, is regulated by steroid hormones, indicating a potential link between hormone levels and KLK4 expression.

Clinical Significance

Given its role in cancer progression, KLK4 has been studied as a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Elevated levels of KLK4 expression have been associated with poor outcomes in certain cancers, suggesting that it could serve as a target for therapeutic intervention. In the context of dental health, understanding the function of KLK4 is important for developing treatments for enamel defects and related disorders.

Research

Research on KLK4 continues to explore its functions and mechanisms of action in both health and disease. Studies are investigating the potential of KLK4 inhibitors as therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Additionally, there is interest in developing biomaterials that mimic the action of KLK4 for use in dental repair and regeneration.

See Also

• Kallikrein
• Serine protease
• Enamel
• Prostate cancer
• Biomarker