Keto diet e-book
Professional Guide to the Ketogenic Weight Loss Diet by W8MD weight loss centers
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Ketogenic Diet[edit | edit source]
The ketogenic diet, colloquially known as the "keto" diet, has become increasingly popular in recent years. While many people are familiar with its name, understanding the history, mechanisms, and potential benefits of the ketogenic diet can provide invaluable insights. This chapter delves deep into the foundational knowledge of the ketogenic approach.
What Is the Ketogenic Diet?[edit | edit source]
The ketogenic diet is fundamentally a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and moderate-protein diet. By significantly restricting the intake of carbohydrates, the body is forced to shift its primary energy source from glucose (sugar) to fats. This metabolic state is called ketosis, wherein the liver breaks down fats to produce ketone bodies as an alternative energy source[1].
History of the Ketogenic Diet[edit | edit source]
Historically, fasting was recognized as an effective remedy for seizures. The ketogenic diet was introduced in the 1920s as a method to mimic the effects of fasting, providing similar benefits without the need to abstain from food completely. Initially, it was used primarily to treat refractory epilepsy in children[2].
Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet[edit | edit source]
Over time, the range of potential benefits of the ketogenic diet has expanded well beyond its original therapeutic use for epilepsy. Research indicates that it might aid in:
- Weight loss by increasing fat metabolism[3].
- Enhanced cognitive function and mental clarity[4].
- Potential management and treatment of certain diseases, such as Type 2 Diabetes[5].
Understanding Ketosis[edit | edit source]
At the heart of the ketogenic diet is the state of ketosis. This metabolic state arises when the body's glycogen stores are depleted and it starts burning fat for energy. As fat is metabolized, the liver produces ketone bodies, which serve as an energy source, especially for the brain. Achieving and maintaining ketosis is a key objective of the ketogenic diet[6].
In the subsequent chapters, we will delve deeper into the practical aspects of the ketogenic diet, including foods to consume, potential health benefits, and strategies to optimize results.
Getting Started on the Ketogenic Diet[edit | edit source]
Venturing into the world of the ketogenic diet requires a combination of knowledge, preparation, and commitment. Whether you are drawn to its potential health benefits or are seeking a sustainable weight loss strategy, understanding the foundational elements is crucial to your success.
Preparing Your Kitchen[edit | edit source]
Before embarking on your ketogenic journey, it's essential to have a kitchen that supports your dietary choices. This involves:
- Purging non-keto-friendly items: Get rid of high-carb foods, sugary snacks, and beverages.
- Stocking up on staples: Ensure you have essentials like healthy fats (coconut oil, olive oil, avocado oil), low-carb vegetables, and quality protein sources (chicken, beef, fish).
- Organizing kitchen tools: Tools like a food scale, measuring cups, and a nutritional tracker can be beneficial.
Calculating Macronutrients[edit | edit source]
The ketogenic diet is not just about reducing carbs; it's about balancing your macronutrient intake. This means:
- Keeping carbohydrates to a minimum, typically below 5-10% of your daily caloric intake[7].
- Protein should be moderate, around 20-25% of your daily calories, ensuring muscle mass is preserved[8].
- Fats will make up the remainder, about 65-75% of daily calories, serving as your primary energy source[9].
Utilizing online macronutrient calculators or apps can aid in the precise calculation tailored to individual requirements.
Meal Planning and Recipes[edit | edit source]
Consistency is the key to success on the ketogenic diet. Planning your meals ahead ensures you stay on track:
- Weekly meal plans: Outline breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks for the week ahead.
- Batch cooking: Prepare meals in large quantities and store them in portion-sized containers.
- Explore keto-friendly recipes: There are numerous cookbooks and online resources dedicated to keto dishes.
- In subsequent sections, we'll explore specific foods you should eat and avoid, as well as delve into the broader health implications and benefits of the ketogenic diet. The road to ketosis is a journey, but with the right tools and knowledge, it can be a rewarding and transformative one.
Foods to Eat on the Ketogenic Diet[edit | edit source]
The ketogenic diet is known for its unique macronutrient profile, but it's also important to focus on the quality of foods. By selecting nutrient-dense, whole foods, you not only support ketosis but also promote overall health and well-being.
List of Keto-Friendly Foods[edit | edit source]
Proteins:
- Beef – especially grass-fed varieties.
- Chicken – free-range or organic is preferable.
- Fish – fatty fishes like salmon, mackerel, and sardines.
- Eggs – full of quality proteins and healthy fats.
Healthy Fats and Oils:
- Avocado – a keto superfood packed with potassium.
- Coconut oil – contains medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) beneficial for energy.
- Olive oil – a source of monounsaturated fats.
- MCT oil – can be used in shakes or salad dressings.
Low-Carb Vegetables and Fruits:
- Spinach, kale, and other leafy greens.
- Broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts.
- Berries like strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries in moderation.
Dairy and Alternatives:
- Cheese – hard cheeses tend to be lower in carbs.
- Butter – preferably grass-fed.
- Heavy cream for cooking.
- Almond milk and coconut milk as dairy alternatives.
Nuts and Seeds:
- Macadamia nuts, pecans, and almonds.
- Chia seeds, flaxseeds, and hemp seeds[10].
Foods to Avoid[edit | edit source]
The essence of the ketogenic diet is restricting carbohydrates. Therefore, you'll want to reduce or eliminate the following:
High-Carb Foods:
- Most fruits, especially tropical ones like mangoes and pineapples.
- Starchy vegetables such as potatoes and sweet potatoes.
- Grains including wheat, rice, oats, and corn.
Sugars and Sweeteners:
- Sugar in all its forms: white, brown, honey, maple syrup.
- Most artificial sweeteners, though some like stevia and erythritol can be keto-friendly in moderation[11].
Processed and Junk Foods:
- Most processed foods contain hidden sugars and unhealthy fats.
- Soda, sugary beverages, and most alcohol varieties.
- By building your diet around these keto-friendly foods and being mindful of the ones to avoid, you'll set yourself up for success. Next, we will dive into the profound health implications of the ketogenic diet, from weight loss to chronic disease management.
The Ketogenic Diet and Health[edit | edit source]
The impact of the ketogenic diet extends beyond weight management. Research has shown that keto has the potential to offer therapeutic benefits for various conditions, primarily owing to its ability to alter fuel utilization in the body.
Weight Loss and Management[edit | edit source]
The ketogenic diet has gained immense popularity for its efficacy in weight loss. It promotes fat burning by pushing the body into ketosis, which enhances fat utilization as the primary fuel source[12].
Reduced Appetite: Ketone bodies have an appetite-suppressing effect, leading to reduced calorie intake[13]. Enhanced Fat Burning: Shifts metabolism from carbs to fats, promoting fat oxidation[14]. Preservation of Muscle Mass: Proper protein intake ensures muscle preservation during weight loss[15].
Improved Mental Clarity[edit | edit source]
Many ketogenic dieters report enhanced cognitive functions, improved focus, and mental clarity. The brain, when deprived of glucose, can efficiently use ketone bodies for energy, potentially leading to these cognitive benefits[16].
Managing Chronic Conditions[edit | edit source]
Several clinical studies have investigated the ketogenic diet's potential therapeutic effects:
- Epilepsy: Historically, the keto diet was used as a treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy, especially in children[17].
- Type 2 Diabetes: Keto can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels[18].
- Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential to improve heart health by reducing triglycerides and LDL cholesterol[19].
- The next chapter will delve deeper into meal planning, providing you with practical strategies and recipes to successfully implement and enjoy the ketogenic lifestyle.
Foods to Eat on the Ketogenic Diet[edit | edit source]
When embarking on the ketogenic journey, it is paramount to familiarize oneself with the foods that are conducive to reaching and maintaining a state of ketosis.
List of Keto-Friendly Foods[edit | edit source]
- Fatty meats: Examples include ribeye steak, pork belly, and lamb chops.
- Eggs: Preferably pasture-raised for higher nutritional content.
- Seafood: Especially fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines.
- Full-fat dairy: Such as butter, heavy cream, and hard cheeses.
- Nuts and seeds: Macadamia nuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds are among the most keto-friendly.
- Leafy greens: Spinach, kale, and arugula to name a few.
- Above-ground vegetables: Like broccoli, cauliflower, and zucchini.
- Healthy oils: Coconut oil, olive oil, and MCT oil are excellent choices[20].
Healthy Fats and Oils[edit | edit source]
A significant portion of your caloric intake on keto will come from fats. Choosing the right fats is essential for maximizing the health benefits of the diet:
- Coconut oil: Contains medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) which can be directly converted into ketones.
- Olive oil: Rich in monounsaturated fats and antioxidants.
- Avocado oil: Great for cooking due to its high smoke point.
- MCT oil: Direct source of ketones, often taken as a supplement or added to shakes.
- Butter and ghee: Natural sources of healthy saturated fats.
Low-Carb Vegetables and Fruits[edit | edit source]
Vegetables play a pivotal role in the keto diet, offering essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Stick to above-ground vegetables as they typically contain fewer carbs. Some fruits, in moderation, can also fit into a keto diet:
- Vegetables: Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, bell peppers, and asparagus.
- Fruits: Avocadoes, olives, and small amounts of berries such as strawberries and blueberries.
- In the subsequent chapter, we'll discuss foods and ingredients that should be avoided or minimized on the ketogenic diet to ensure success and maintain a state of ketosis.
Foods to Avoid[edit | edit source]
While the ketogenic diet offers a diverse range of nutrient-dense foods to choose from, there are certain foods and food groups that should be limited or entirely avoided to maintain ketosis and reap the benefits of this dietary approach.
High-Carb Foods[edit | edit source]
Carbohydrates are the primary concern on a ketogenic diet, and thus it's imperative to be cautious of hidden carbs in seemingly benign foods:
- Grains: This includes wheat, oats, rice, quinoa, and products made from them like bread and pasta.
- Legumes: While nutritious, beans and lentils have a higher carbohydrate content.
- Root vegetables: Potatoes, carrots, and parsnips, for instance, have higher carb counts than above-ground veggies.
- Fruits: Most fruits, especially tropical fruits like bananas, mangoes, and pineapples have high sugar content.
Sugars and Sweeteners[edit | edit source]
Avoiding direct sugars is evident on the keto diet, but one should also be wary of artificial sweeteners and certain "natural" sweeteners:
- Refined sugars: This includes white sugar, brown sugar, and high fructose corn syrup.
- Artificial sweeteners: Aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin might affect insulin levels and disrupt ketosis for some individuals[21].
- Natural sweeteners: While honey, agave nectar, and maple syrup are natural, they are high in carbs and not recommended on keto.
Processed and Junk Foods[edit | edit source]
Processed foods can be deceptive, often containing hidden sugars, unhealthy fats, and harmful additives:
- Processed meats: While meats are keto-friendly, avoid those packed with fillers and sugars.
- Snack foods: Even "low-carb" snack bars can be problematic due to the inclusion of sugar alcohols and other non-keto friendly ingredients.
- Fast foods: Most fast-food options are rich in unhealthy fats and hidden sugars. If you must, opt for a salad or unbreaded meat options.
The Ketogenic Diet and Health[edit | edit source]
While the primary motivation for many to start the ketogenic diet is weight loss, the health benefits of keto go well beyond just shedding pounds.
Weight Loss and Management[edit | edit source]
The ketogenic diet has gained popularity largely due to its effectiveness in facilitating weight loss. By utilizing fat as the primary energy source, the body becomes efficient at burning stored fat for energy, leading to more consistent and often more rapid weight loss[22].
Improved Mental Clarity[edit | edit source]
Many keto enthusiasts report increased mental clarity, focus, and cognition on the diet. While research is still ongoing, some studies suggest a ketogenic diet might be beneficial for brain health due to the neuroprotective properties of ketone bodies[23].
Managing Chronic Conditions[edit | edit source]
Ketosis might play a role in managing and even reversing certain chronic conditions, including epilepsy, type 2 diabetes, and even certain cancers. However, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting keto for therapeutic purposes[24].
In the subsequent sections, we will delve deeper into meal planning, offering sample recipes and tips to make your ketogenic journey enjoyable and sustainable.
Meal Planning and Recipes[edit | edit source]
An essential aspect of maintaining a ketogenic diet is proper meal planning. Ensuring you have a variety of keto-friendly options available can help alleviate monotony and make it easier to adhere to the diet.
Sample Meal Plans[edit | edit source]
If you want to jumpstart your ketogenic diet for weight loss, consider the W8MD's liquid protein diet for one week. After the first week with the liquid protein diet, you can start the following. Having a weekly meal plan can significantly reduce the chances of getting off track. Here's a 3-day sample plan to get you started:
Day 1:
- Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with spinach and feta, topped with avocado.
- Lunch: Chicken salad with mixed greens, olives, cucumber, and a creamy dressing.
- Dinner: Grilled salmon with a side of roasted asparagus and butter.
Day 2:
- Breakfast: Keto smoothie with coconut milk, chia seeds, spinach, and a dash of cocoa powder.
- Lunch: Zucchini noodles (zoodles) sautéed with pesto sauce and grilled chicken strips.
- Dinner: Steak served with a side of creamed spinach.
Day 3:
- Breakfast: Omelette filled with mushrooms, onions, and cheddar cheese.
- Lunch: Tuna salad with mixed greens, hard-boiled egg, and mayo dressing.
- Dinner: Pork chops with a side of garlic sautéed broccoli[25].
Snack Options[edit | edit source]
For those moments between meals when you need a little something, here are keto-friendly snack options:
- Macadamia nuts or almonds.
- Guacamole with celery sticks.
- String cheese.
- Small portions of olives.
- Full-fat yogurt (unsweetened) with chia seeds.
Staying on Track[edit | edit source]
Consistency is key for achieving and maintaining the benefits of any diet, including the ketogenic diet.
Overcoming Challenges[edit | edit source]
As with any dietary shift, there may be challenges along the way. Some common issues and potential solutions include:
- Keto flu: During the initial stages of the diet, some experience flu-like symptoms. Staying hydrated and ensuring adequate salt intake can help[26].
- Social events: Dining out or attending parties can be tricky. Always consider checking the menu ahead of time and don't hesitate to ask the chef to customize dishes for you.
Tips for Dining Out[edit | edit source]
- Opt for meat or fish-based dishes and request them to be cooked in butter or olive oil.
- Replace starchy side dishes with vegetables.
- Avoid sauces or dressings with hidden sugars.
Tracking Progress[edit | edit source]
- Use a food diary to keep track of what you eat.
- Measure ketone levels using ketone strips or a blood ketone meter.
- Regularly check-in on physical and mental changes.
- Following these strategies can help ensure your ketogenic journey is not just effective but also enjoyable and sustainable. In the following chapters, we'll address frequent questions and provide additional resources for your ketogenic exploration.
Frequently Asked Questions[edit | edit source]
As with any diet, newcomers and even seasoned ketogenic diet followers often have questions. Addressing these can help individuals avoid common pitfalls and misunderstandings related to the diet.
Common Concerns About the Ketogenic Diet[edit | edit source]
- Is the ketogenic diet safe long-term?: For most individuals, a ketogenic diet is safe when followed for extended periods. However, it's essential to monitor specific parameters like cholesterol levels, kidney function, and liver enzymes[27].
- Will I get deficiencies from cutting out certain foods?: If followed correctly, a well-formulated ketogenic diet should provide all essential nutrients. However, some choose to take multivitamin supplements as insurance[28].
- Can I drink alcohol on a keto diet?: Some alcohols, like spirits without sugary mixers or dry wines, have minimal carbohydrates and can fit into a ketogenic diet when consumed in moderation[29].
Troubleshooting Keto Side Effects[edit | edit source]
- I'm experiencing bad breath. What can I do?: This is a common side effect due to the production of acetone, a type of ketone. Regularly drinking water, maintaining oral hygiene, and using natural mouthwash can help alleviate this[30].
- I feel tired all the time. Why?: This could be due to the initial phase known as the "keto flu." Ensuring proper hydration, electrolyte balance, and adequate rest can combat this feeling[31].
- Why am I not losing weight?: Weight loss plateaus can occur for various reasons. It's essential to reassess caloric intake, activity levels, and ensure that you're genuinely in ketosis.
Conclusion and Next Steps[edit | edit source]
As we conclude our introductory chapter on the ketogenic diet, it's essential to emphasize the diet's versatility and potential benefits, from weight management to improved mental clarity and potential management of certain chronic conditions.
Recap of Key Points[edit | edit source]
The ketogenic diet involves a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake, substituting it mainly with fats and moderate protein. Ketosis is a metabolic state where the body burns fats as the primary source of fuel, producing ketone bodies. Proper planning and understanding can help overcome challenges and ensure success on the diet.
Maintaining a Ketogenic Lifestyle[edit | edit source]
Continuing a ketogenic lifestyle involves more than just following a diet. It's about integrating a holistic approach to health, incorporating regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques.
Additional Resources and References[edit | edit source]
For readers keen on diving deeper into the ketogenic world, numerous books, scholarly articles, and online platforms provide extensive information.
- The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Living by Dr. Jeff Volek and Dr. Stephen Phinney[32].
- Keto Clarity by Jimmy Moore[33].
Gallery[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Paoli, A. (2014). Ketogenic diet for obesity: friend or foe?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(2), 2092-2107.
- ↑ Wheless, J. W. (2008). History of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia, 49(s8), 3-5.
- ↑ Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. S. V., de Oliveira, S. L., & da Rocha Ataide, T. (2013). Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(7), 1178-1187.
- ↑ Gasior, M., Rogawski, M. A., & Hartman, A. L. (2006). Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet. Behavioural pharmacology, 17(5-6), 431.
- ↑ Yancy Jr, W. S., Foy, M., Chalecki, A. M., Vernon, M. C., & Westman, E. C. (2005). A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes. Nutrition & metabolism, 2(1), 34.
- ↑ Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., Makris, A. P., Rosenbaum, D. L., Brill, C., ... & Klein, S. (2010). Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(3), 147-157.
- ↑ Hallberg, S. J., McKenzie, A. L., Williams, P. T., Bhanpuri, N. H., Peters, A. L., Campbell, W. W., ... & McCarter, R. (2018). Effectiveness and safety of a novel care model for the management of type 2 diabetes at 1 year: An open-label, non-randomized, controlled study. Diabetes therapy, 9(2), 583-612.
- ↑ Westman, E. C., Mavropoulos, J., Yancy, W. S., & Volek, J. S. (2009). A review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets. Current atherosclerosis reports, 5(6), 476-483.
- ↑ Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J. S., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2013). Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(8), 789-796.
- ↑ von Geijer, L., & Ekelund, M. (2015). Ketoacidosis associated with low-carbohydrate diet in a non-diabetic lactating woman: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 9, 224.
- ↑ Tey, S. L., Salleh, N. B., Henry, J., & Forde, C. G. (2017). Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. International Journal of Obesity, 41(3), 450-457.
- ↑ Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J. S., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2013). Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(8), 789-796.
- ↑ Stubbs, B. J., Cox, P. J., Evans, R. D., Santer, P., Miller, J. J., Faull, O. K., ... & Clarke, K. (2017). On the metabolism of exogenous ketones in humans. Frontiers in physiology, 8, 848.
- ↑ Brehm, B. J., Seeley, R. J., Daniels, S. R., & D'Alessio, D. A. (2003). A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(4), 1617-1623.
- ↑ Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., Love, D. M., Avery, N. G., Gómez, A. L., Scheett, T. P., & Kraemer, W. J. (2002). Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-restricted diet. Metabolism, 51(7), 864-870.
- ↑ Rho, J. M., & Stafstrom, C. E. (2012). The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological disorders. Frontiers in pharmacology, 3, 59.
- ↑ Neal, E. G., Chaffe, H., Schwartz, R. H., Lawson, M. S., Edwards, N., Fitzsimmons, G., ... & Cross, J. H. (2009). A randomized trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia, 50(5), 1109-1117.
- ↑ Feinman, R. D., Pogozelski, W. K., Astrup, A., Bernstein, R. K., Fine, E. J., Westman, E. C., ... & Nielsen, J. V. (2015). Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition, 31(1), 1-13.
- ↑ Volek, J. S., & Phinney, S. D. (2012). The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Performance. Beyond Obesity LLC.
- ↑ St-Onge, M. P., & Jones, P. J. (2002). Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. The Journal of nutrition, 132(3), 329-332.
- ↑ Anton, S. D., Martin, C. K., Han, H., Coulon, S., Cefalu, W. T., Geiselman, P., & Williamson, D. A. (2010). Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite, 55(1), 37-43.
- ↑ Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J. S., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2013). Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(8), 789-796.
- ↑ Gasior, M., Rogawski, M. A., & Hartman, A. L. (2006). Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet. Behavioural pharmacology, 17(5-6), 431.
- ↑ Neal, E. G., Chaffe, H., Schwartz, R. H., Lawson, M. S., Edwards, N., Fitzsimmons, G., ... & Cross, J. H. (2009). A randomized trial of classical and medium‐chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia, 50(5), 1109-1117.
- ↑ Westman, E. C., Yancy Jr, W. S., Mavropoulos, J. C., Marquart, M., & McDuffie, J. R. (2008). The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition & Metabolism, 5(1), 36.
- ↑ White, A. M., Johnston, C. S., Swan, P. D., Tjonn, S. L., & Sears, B. (2007). Blood ketones are directly related to fatigue and perceived effort during exercise in overweight adults adhering to low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss: a pilot study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(10), 1792-1796.
- ↑ Volek, J. S., & Phinney, S. D. (2012). The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Performance. Beyond Obesity LLC.
- ↑ Martin, K., Jackson, C. F., Levy, R. G., & Cooper, P. N. (2016). Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2).
- ↑ Westman, E. C., Tondt, J., Maguire, E., & Yancy Jr, W. S. (2018). Implementing a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 13(5), 263-272.
- ↑ Musa-Veloso, K., Likhodii, S. S., & Cunnane, S. C. (2002). Breath acetone is a reliable indicator of ketosis in adults consuming ketogenic meals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76(1), 65-70.
- ↑ Paleologos, M., Cumming, R. G., & Lazarus, R. (1998). Cohort study of vitamin C intake and cognitive impairment. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(1), 45-50.
- ↑ Volek, J. S., & Phinney, S. D. (2011). The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Living: An Expert Guide to Making the Life-Saving Benefits of Carbohydrate Restriction Sustainable and Enjoyable. Beyond Obesity LLC.
- ↑ Moore, J., & Westman, E. C. (2014). Keto Clarity: Your Definitive Guide to the Benefits of a Low-Carb, High-Fat Diet. Victory Belt Publishing.
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