Koplik's spots

Koplik's spots
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Koplik's spots are a prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two to three days before the measles rash itself. They are considered a pathognomonic sign of measles infection, meaning their presence is highly indicative of the disease.

Presentation

Koplik's spots appear as small, irregularly-shaped, bright red spots with a bluish-white center. They are typically found on the buccal mucosa, which is the inner lining of the cheeks, opposite the molars. These spots are often described as "grains of salt on a red background" and are usually 1–3 mm in diameter.

Pathophysiology

Koplik's spots are caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus. The virus infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body, including the skin and mucous membranes. The appearance of Koplik's spots is due to the viral infection of the epithelial cells in the oral mucosa, leading to localized inflammation and necrosis.

Diagnosis

The presence of Koplik's spots is a key clinical feature in the diagnosis of measles, especially in the early stages before the characteristic maculopapular rash appears. Their identification can help differentiate measles from other febrile illnesses with rash.

History

Koplik's spots were first described by the American pediatrician Henry Koplik in 1896. He noted their diagnostic significance in identifying measles before the onset of the rash, which was a crucial development in the clinical understanding of the disease.

Epidemiology

Measles, and consequently Koplik's spots, are most commonly seen in areas with low vaccination coverage. The measles vaccine, part of the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella), has significantly reduced the incidence of measles and the appearance of Koplik's spots in many parts of the world.

Prevention

The primary method of preventing measles and the associated Koplik's spots is through vaccination. The MMR vaccine is highly effective in preventing measles infection and is recommended for all children and susceptible adults.

Also see

• Measles
• MMR vaccine
• Henry Koplik
• Viral exanthem