Korean garden

창덕궁 주합루 부용지 전경

경복궁 경회루 (2020)

Anapji wall

창덕궁 낙선재 후원 화계

Korean gardens are a traditional aspect of Korean culture that embody the harmony between humans and nature. These gardens are designed to encourage tranquility and reflection, drawing heavily on Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism philosophies. Unlike the more rigid and formal Japanese gardens or the expansive and dramatic Chinese gardens, Korean gardens are characterized by their natural, understated beauty.

History

The history of Korean gardens can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, where records and archaeological findings suggest that royals and aristocrats had gardens for aesthetic and recreational purposes. During the Goryeo Dynasty, the influence of Buddhism became more pronounced, with gardens often featuring lotus ponds and pavilions for meditation. The Joseon Dynasty saw the integration of Confucian principles, emphasizing simplicity, modesty, and the beauty of untamed nature.

Design Principles

Korean garden design is based on the principle of jangseung, or harmony between the artificial and natural. Key elements include:

- Water: Often the centerpiece of the garden, symbolizing life and purity. - Rocks: Used to create miniature landscapes, symbolizing mountains and islands. - Pavilions and Pagodas: Structures for rest and contemplation, blending into the landscape. - Paths: Meandering walkways that encourage slow exploration of the garden. - Plants: Native species are preferred, with an emphasis on seasonal changes and the beauty of aging.

Famous Korean Gardens

- Changdeokgung Palace's Secret Garden (Biwon): A UNESCO World Heritage site, known for its elegant design and historical significance. - Gyeongbokgung Palace: Features traditional Korean landscaping, with ponds, pavilions, and meticulously maintained flora. - Garden of Morning Calm: A modern garden that captures the essence of traditional Korean garden design, showcasing the beauty of Korea's changing seasons.

Cultural Significance

Korean gardens are more than just beautiful landscapes; they are a reflection of the Korean ethos of living in harmony with nature. They serve as spaces for meditation, celebration of the seasons, and venues for cultural activities like tea ceremonies and poetry readings. The design of these gardens reflects the Korean appreciation for the subtle beauty of the natural world and the philosophical pursuit of balance and tranquility.

Preservation and Challenges

In the modern era, the preservation of traditional Korean gardens faces challenges due to urbanization and changing lifestyles. Efforts are being made to restore and maintain historic gardens, and new gardens are being designed to incorporate traditional principles into contemporary settings.