Kupffer cells

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located in the liver, specifically within the sinusoids of the liver. They form an integral part of the liver's immune system and are among the first lines of defense against pathogens entering the body through the gut. Kupffer cells are named after Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer, who first identified them in 1876. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining liver homeostasis, clearing pathogens, endotoxins, and debris from the blood, and are involved in the regulation of iron metabolism.

Function

Kupffer cells are primarily involved in the body's immune response. They are capable of phagocytosis, a process by which they engulf and digest cellular debris, bacteria, and other foreign material. By producing cytokines and chemokines, Kupffer cells also play a role in the recruitment and activation of other immune cells. Furthermore, they are involved in the regulation of liver regeneration and the synthesis of bile acids and cholesterol.

Pathology

Kupffer cells are implicated in various liver diseases. They can contribute to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma by secreting pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators. In the context of alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the activation of Kupffer cells leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating liver damage.

Research and Clinical Significance

Research into Kupffer cells has provided insights into the mechanisms of liver diseases and potential therapeutic targets. For example, targeting Kupffer cell activation is a strategy under investigation for the treatment of liver fibrosis and NAFLD. Additionally, understanding the role of Kupffer cells in liver regeneration could lead to improved outcomes in liver transplantation and surgical resection.

See Also

• Liver
• Macrophage
• Immune system
• Liver fibrosis
• Cirrhosis
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Alcoholic liver disease
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease